history

1. Changes to the English Church in the Reformation

Initiated by Henry VIII after the Pope refused to annul his marriage. Act of Supremacy (1534) made Henry head of the Church of England. Dissolution of the monasteries. Shift from Catholic to Protestant beliefs under Edward VI. Mary I reversed reforms, restoring Catholicism. Elizabeth I established a moderate Protestant Church (Elizabethan Religious Settlement).

2. Significant Features of the Reigns of Henry VIII and Mary I

Henry VIII: Six marriages; break from Rome. Founded the Church of England. Centralized power and increased royal authority. Mary I: Tried to restore Catholicism. Known as “Bloody Mary” for the persecution of Protestants (over 280 executed). Married Philip II of Spain, causing unrest.

3. Elizabeth I’s Reign and the ‘Golden Age’

Stability and relative religious peace. Defeated the Spanish Armada (1588). Flourishing of arts, theatre (Shakespeare), and exploration (Drake, Raleigh). Strong monarchy and economic growth. Promoted education and patronised the Renaissance.

4. Significance of the Renaissance

Rebirth of classical learning and ideas (art, science, literature). Humanism encouraged questioning and discovery. Scientific breakthroughs (e.g., Copernicus, Galileo). Inspired the Reformation and modern secular thinking. Spread via printing press and increased literacy.

1. Roman Methods of Crime Prevention

Strong laws and deterrents (public executions, crucifixion). Urban policing: cohortes urbanae (city police) and vigiles (firefighters/night watch). Military presence to maintain order. Emphasis on public order and discipline.

5. Key Aspects of James I’s Reign

James I succeeded Elizabeth I, uniting the crowns of England and Scotland. Belief in the Divine Right of Kings. Conflicts with Parliament over finance and religion. Patron of the King James Bible.

6. Reign of Charles I and Causes of the English Civil War

Charles I’s belief in the Divine Right led to conflicts with Parliament. Petition of Right (1628) limited his power but was ignored. Imposed unpopular religious policies. The English Civil War (1642-1651) resulted in his execution.

7. Oliver Cromwell and the Interregnum

Oliver Cromwell led the Parliamentarian victory. Established the Commonwealth and Protectorate. Puritanical rule: strict moral codes, closure of theatres. Military dictatorship that faced opposition and instability.

8. The Restoration and Reign of Charles II

The monarchy was restored in 1660. Charles II’s reign saw the Great Plague and the Great Fire of London. Known for his extravagant court and patronage of the arts and sciences. Habeas Corpus Act (1679) protected individual rights.

9. The Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights (1688)

James II was overthrown in a bloodless coup. William and Mary became joint monarchs. The Bill of Rights (1689) established parliamentary supremacy, limited royal power, and protected individual liberties.

10. The Act of Union (1707)

United England and Scotland into Great Britain. Created a single parliament and economic system. Strengthened Britain’s position in Europe.

11. The Agricultural Revolution

New farming techniques (crop rotation, enclosure, mechanization). Increased food production and supported population growth. Led to urbanization and industrial development.

12. Causes and Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Technological innovations (steam engine, power loom). Shift from manual labor to machine production. Growth of factories and urban centers. Social and economic changes: new classes, pollution, and urbanization.

13. Key Inventions and Inventors of the Industrial Revolution

James Watt (steam engine), Richard Arkwright (water frame), Samuel Crompton (spinning mule), Eli Whitney (cotton gin). Innovations in textiles, iron production, and transportation (railways, steamships).

14. Social and Economic Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

Rise of the middle class and working class. Urbanization and overcrowding. Pollution and poor working conditions. Child labor and social inequality. Reform movements (labor laws, trade unions).

15. The Enlightenment and its Influence

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism. Influenced political thought (liberalism, democracy). Promoted tolerance, education, and human rights. Key thinkers: Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire.

16. British Colonial Expansion

Expansion in North America, India, and Africa. Establishment of colonies and trade networks. Conflicts with other European powers (France, Spain). Impact on indigenous populations and global trade.

17. Factors Leading to the American Revolution

British policies (taxation without representation). Enlightenment ideas (liberty, self-government). Colonial resistance (Boston Tea Party). Declaration of Independence (1776) and war.

18. The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars

Overthrow of the French monarchy. Rise of Napoleon and French expansion. Britain’s role in