CIVIL RESISTANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA (Part 1)

What was the situation like in SA during the 1960’s

• Those who resisted it were suppressed and ofetn sent into exile

• Sharpville Massacre(1960)

• Rivonia Trial (1964)

• anti-apartheid leaders improisioned

• Political parties banned (soos ANC and PAC)

Which party did Steve biko leave(why) and which one did he form (When +2 aims)

NUSAS- Dominated by white liberals and he felt that Apartheid was a fight black people had to conquer

SASO- 1968

Separate union for Black students​

To instil confidence and self pride. ​

When did Steve launch:

-BCM

-BPC(Black Peoples convention)

-Black community programmes

-1969

-1969

-1972(clinics & day care centers)

1977, He was arrested and died in detention. ​

What two things did Biko believe in

-Rely

-Psychological​

Biko believed that black people should not relyon help from whites.​

He encouraged blacks to free themselves fromthe psychological chains of oppression​

Are the following true/false

He saw BC as black racism and often called for revenge. ​

Blacks had to see themselves as black rather than non-white​

He aimed to build solidarity and pride in black South Africans​

SASO didn't want to spread BC ideas in many university campuses​

​

False

True

True

False

What was the BCM in one simple sentence

-A philosophy...

-A philosophy which promotes black pride, self-reliant and freedom from psychological oppression.​

It promoted self-reliance, self-assertiveness, black pride. black identity/culture/history​

​

​​

​

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Nature of BCM (pt1)

-What type of movement was it, and who mostly started it

-What 5 things did it encourage

-What was emphasized

-It was not a political movement, more so an attitude of mind. University students mostly started the movement

-Separatism, Self-reliance, Self-awareness, solidarity, and black people to build their values/systems

-DECOLONISATION OF THE MIND

Nature of BCM(pt2)

What did BCM do with the word 'black' and who did it include

-Rejected the term "non-white" and replaced it with black

- Everyone who was oppressed by the Aparthied regime

Nature of BCM(pt3)

What ideas was BCM based on and what organizations were formed against Apartheid and used it as an umbrella term

-Pan-Africanism, CRM(Civil rights Movement) & BPM​(Black Power Movement)

-BPC, SASO, SASM,BAWU​

Main aims of BCM (7/12)

- Self-esteem

-Culture & history

-Fight own struggle

-Self-Help projects (3 examples)

-White liberals

-Unity by (2)

-

+To restore self-esteem and dignity among blacks​

+To promote pride in black identity, culture & and history

​

+To encourage blacks to be participants in their own struggle not observers. ​

+To set up self-help projects like health projects,students' groups, community newspapers, etc. ​

+To stop working with white liberals in multiracial organizations.​

+To promote unity amongst black people​ by:

Mobilize them to fight against Apartheid​

Fight in particular against divisions caused by separate development​

​

Main aims of BCM (12/12)

- inferior

-oppression (2 p's)

-rights

-politics

-ANC

To free the Black man from a feeling of inferiority​, self-emancipation, and encourage self-assertiveness. ​

To free people from psychological oppression, political oppression and exploitation ​

Advocated equal rights for all. ​

Revive politics of resistance. ​

To set up links with ANC in exile. ​

​

Sources of BCM ideas (6)

-Africa is for africans

-USA

-Franz Fanon and Aime Cesire under the Neg...said

-Late 1960's

-African colonies

-International

​Africanist & PAC ideas of 1950's​, the idea that Africa is for Africans. ​

Black power movement in the USA​

-Negritude movement. ​

Franz Fanon (advocated for the liberation of minds)​

Aime Cesaire (believe that colonialism disrupted Africa andbrainwashed Africans to believing they are inferior)​

International youth revolt of late 1960's​

Independence of African colonies, like Ghana, Angola,etc

​

Growing international criticism of the Apartheidregime.

What comprised the BCM

SASO

-union for

-responsible for

-est. what

SASO​

- separate union for black students.​

- responsible for spreading BC ideas to universities and all sectors of the society. ​

- established BPC. ​

What comprised the BCM

BPC

- Aimed...(what type of oppression)

-Engaged with...

-Introduced

-What were some of the self-help schemes

BPC (Black People's Convention)​

Aimed at liberating blacks from both psychological and Physical oppression. ​

They engaged with various artists to spread BC.

​

The introduction of black communalism. ​

BPC established the Black Communities Project (BCP) to organise self-help schemes like economic cooperatives, literacy campaigns, health projects and cultural forums, clinics, and social uplifting projects. ​

What comprised the BCM

SASM

-Formed by whom in which town

-What discussions did they have

-What was their launched newspaper called and who was the audience

-Where did they manage to spread influence

SASM (South African Students Movement)​

Formed by High school students in Soweto​

It functions as forum for discussions of education and political matters. ​

It launched a militant newspaper called, Thrust. ​black owned and black readers

They managed to spread the influence of BC in schools. ​

Leaders of SASM supported the 1976 protest. ​

What comprised the BCM

BAWU

-Which two organisations introduced it, and what did BAWU fight for (what type of organization was it)

-Who did they reject

-What two self-help projects did they support

BAWU (Black Allied Workers Union)​

SASO and BPC introduced a trade union to fight for the rights of black workers. ​

BAWU rejected white involvement in their trade union.​

Supported self-help projects like economic cooperatives and social upliftment projects. ​

How did BCM challenge the Apartheid regime

- Turned into a what movement

-What did Bikos speeches encourage workers to do

-What did BC support and instill

-What did it expose

-Increased and awakened among black South Africans

BCM transformed into a mass movement​

Biko's speeches encouraged workers to strike​

BC supported disinvestment ideas/campaigns​

Instilled self-pride, discipline, and assertiveness

among black South Africans to demand equality ​

Exposed the negative effects of Bantu Education

​

Increased political consciousness among black South Africans​ and reawakened the struggle against apartheid​

Influence of BCM and the start of the Soweto uprising(* look at the discursive essay you wrote)

- Who did SASO and BPC make contact with

-What did they teach in their workshops

-Where didi___SM spread BC ideas

SASO (1972) and BPC (1973) made contact with SASM and introduced them to BCM​

• SASO and BPC held workshops for students to teach them critical thinking and political knowledge. ​

• SASM spread BC ideas throughout Soweto high schools. ​

​

Influence of BCM and the start of the Soweto uprising

BCM made learners:

BCM made black learners :

- believe in themselves

- have confidence

- influenced to fight against oppression (against apartheid) in Soweto​

Fill in the blanks

A number of ____ members became _____ once the graduated and they introduced BCM ideas to l_________ (Tiro)​

SASO

TEACHERS

LEARNERS IN CLASS

What was Bantu education:

-Whhat type of eudcation did it give

-15X

-Resources

-Staff

-Who became demoralised

-Curriculum

-How did students feel

(Bantu education gave Blacks rudimentary and inferior education.)

The government spend fifteen times more on a white pupil than on a black learner. ​

Poorly resourced schools and overcrowded classrooms.

​

Short staffed - mainly unqualified personnel. ​

Many learners became demoralised and dropped out of school. ​

The curriculum skewed to supply black labour to the economy​

Anger and resentment against Bantu Education System by school students.​

​

What role did SASM play in the start of the Soweto uprising

- They held what

-Thrust

-What type of approach did they prefer

-What did Tiro and Tokoyo do

-True/false :Growth of school student activism within black townships didn't have impact even though people were no longer content with apartheid. ​

SASM coordinated the resistance to apartheid in schools

hold mass rallies. ​

They produced a militant newspaper, Thrust. ​

SASM: supported a more radical approach.​

Tiro who taught at Morris Isaacson High school wasan important link between BCM and SAMS. ​

Tokyo Sexwale a member of SASM established ANCcells withing SASM. ​

False ​

What does the term "Bread&Butter issues" Mean

-What did WRAB do regrading rent(2)

-What was the situation in Soweto in terms of public services

- What led to despondency and disillusionment

-Did the government do anything for the urban black population even though people lived in abject poverty

- finish the sentence: Increased calls for change within______

(Excessive suffering in black communities ignitedresistance. ​)

WRAB raised rentals yet services were not being delivered​ and Children over 18 who lived with their parents had to pay rent

​

Soweto was overcrowded, no electricity, running water, no jobs for their parents, arrests for pass laws and inferior education.​

Unemployment led to despondency and disillusionment with the challenges they faced. ​

within black communities inspired the uprising. ​

​

The influence of international liberation movements also inspired the start of the Soweto Uprising:

-What did Independence from Portugal(Mozambique & Angola) do for South africans

- What changed in 1960's due to CRM and inspired Black SA'ens

-What attitudes did BPM bring to African Americans

-It was a visible and current example of white colonial power being defeated - inspired desire for​

change and motivates resistance​t against the apartheid state

-Legislative changes

-Black Pride promoted black identity/culture/history

What was seen as the immediate cause of the Soweto uprising (1976)

why was it rejected by the black youth

-Forced roll-out of Afrikaans as the medium for all black learners to be taught in

​-Afrikaans was seen as the language of the oppressor

Result: difficulties for students​, principals, teachers, parents, BUT the government ignored objections

-What happened with the teachers, and what did students start doing

-What did all of this chaos (in order to abolish Afrikaans) cause

=

Early 1976 - teachers who refused to teach in Afrikaans dismissed​ Others resigned​

Students started boycotting classes​

This led to widespread protests to abolish the use of Afrikaans in schools. ​

What was the governments reaction (3 major points)

-Backed down on Afrikaans language policy ​

-The government had to use force to control the anger in communities. ​

-Detained many student leaders​

Over 1000 killed - police action​

Troops were sent into townships.

True or false:

Soweto Uprising marked the beginning of the end of apartheid​ AND

The protests did not shock the global community, meaning less sanctions against SA.​

True AND false

​Aftermath of the Soweto Uprising in Black communities.

-Blacks became more determined___

-Young people___

-12 000 students____

-More ANC &______

Blacks became more determined to resist apartheid and intensified protests ​as well as armed struggle

Young people became more confident. ​

12 000 students left SA to join MK and APLA military training camps in Zambia, Tanzania Algeria.​

more ANC & PAC sabotage missions​

The government's response to BCM was first positive why (3)

-separate

-They thought it was a what type of movement

-Mobilize

Thought idea of Black separateness fitted in with idea of separate development​

They thought it was a philosophical movement that would have no political impact.

​

They thought that BCM could not mobilise political resistance. ​

When did they realise that it was Anti-Government

they discovered that it was anti-government when it opposed Homeland system​

What things did the government do when they realized that BCM was in fact anti-government ( THESE CAN BE SEEN AS THE FAILURES OF BCM):

-Terrorist ACT.

-Leaders

-1977

-Arrested who?

-What BIG thing did they do that was seen as repression from them

Using the Terrorist Act, the government expelled students who were members of SASO from universities​

Harassed leaders (SASO & BPC)​

In 1977, all BC organisations were banned, and pro-BC newspapers.​

Arrested BC leaders​

Steve Biko died in prison, and this was seen as a repression by the government. ​

People were angered by ______ death and that intensified resistance. ​

That marked the _______ challenge to the government since 19__ ​

​

Steve biko's

biggest

1948

Legacy of BC on SA politics (results/Successes).​pt.1

Mainly reawakening void from 1960s and reawakening black people against oppressions

It filled the void left by the banning of ANC and PAC in the 1960s.​

It provided a rallying point for black activists.​

It provided new leaders and a new direction for the struggle. ​

Although BC organisations were banned​

Revived the struggle against apartheid​

Motivated oppressed black South Africans to challenge apartheid​

Gave black people Self-confidence and pride in being black.​

It united people in a common goal to overthrow oppression. ​

Many BC supporters joined exiled ANC​

BC Renewed sense of pride & assertiveness​

Ignited mass-based protest of 1980's​

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Legacy of BC on SA politics (results/Successes).​pt.2

-Mainly AZAPO and STEVE BIKO

1978: BC ideas continued: formation of AZAPO​

AZAPO had many supporters at University of North at Turfloop.​

Supported by journalists from the Post and Sowetan, & also many intellectuals in SA​

The ideas of Steve Biko are still relevant ​

Biko is regarded as the foremost political heroes/martyrs in South Africa​

Inspired the formation of the Steve Biko foundation in 1998​

Biko left a firm and long legacy on the struggle for freedom​

The core values of BCM left the foundation of:​(4)

-Respect for human dignity.​

-Self-respect and self-determination.​

-Affirmation of diversity.​

-Organisational independence.​

​

BC re- awakened the labour movement in SA.​

-Bawu rejected who what inspired them inspired which involved 2000 people

-What were they defying and demanding

-Community programmes such as ____ gave sence of what in black communities

- ___________ industries were introduced

- What type of people soon became influential

BAWU rejected white involvement in their trade unions and inspired strike actions started in the 1970s at the CoronationBrick and Tile plant in Durban where 2 000 workers went onstrike.​

These strikes workers were defying apartheid and demanding their rights as workers​

Community programmes like clinics, daycare centres, gave blackcommunities a sense of self reliance. ​

Rural home industries were introduced. ​

Young black activists were trained who later on became influential(ie Tito Mboweni)