Immunology Unit 1

immunology

the study of the organism’s ability to resist infection, the immune responses it develops, and the diseases associated with immune responses

immunological recognition

detection of the pathogen

immune effector functions

components of the immune response that allow for clearance/control of the infection

immune regulation

ability to self-regulate is essential to prevent allergy and autoimmunity

immunological memory

to prevent a second occurance of disease. To make a stronger/more rapid response on second exposure

host

the organism another organism lives on. It can be mutualistic or pathogenic.

pathogen

is the organism that lives on the host and causes damage to it

evasion, proliferation, transmission

life of a pathogen (3 steps)

skin, lungs, mucous membranes, blood and internal organs, and CNS, brain, and spinal cord

five main immune compartments

innate immune response

nonspecific host defenses against infection. exists because of the genetic makeup of the organism.

adaptive immune response

recognize pathogen and produces a response that will quickly recognize and mark it as an invading organism

infection

the occurance of an organism in the body. not necessarily bad.

immune response

when an organism is introduced into sterile tissue it can quickly become a serious problem. Must respond the the infection and remove it

vasodilation

blood vessel becomes leaky, leading to swelling, since fluid is forced into the tissues

extravasation

movement of cells from the blood stream into the tissues

anatomical barriers

prevent entry into the host

antimicrobial compounds

attack entering pathogens

dendritic cells

activate adaptive immune response

pathogen associated molecular patterns

PAMPs; inflammatory inducers

pattern recognition receptors

PRRs; sensor cells that detect PAMPs

toll-like receptors

TLRs; type of PRR

cytokines

chemicals that distribute to surrounding cells to act as a communication pathway. stimulate inflammation and immune cell activation

antigenic determinant

innate leads to adaptive by epitopes

anitgen

something recognized by the lymphocytes

epitope

the specific part of the anitgen that is recognzied by the lymphocytes

antibody

is an effector molecule produced by lymphocytes to bind to a specific epitope on an antigen

phagocytosis

engulfing other cells or large debris. vescles brought into the cell and fused with lysosomes and degraded by the cell

MHC class 1

intrecellular antigen presentor; present in every cell

MHC class II

extracellular antigen presentor; present in antigen presenting cells

antigen presenting cells

present antigen found outside the cell to actively promote an antibody response

lymphoid follicles

B cell rich areas of lymph nodes

afferent lymphatic vessel

lymph enters through this

efferent lymphatic vessel

lymph exits through this

lymph nodes

locations where the immune responses develop to tissue infections

primary lymphoid follicles

inactive, full of B cells, waiting for activation

secondary lymphoid follicles

active, have a germinal center where B cells are proliferating and actively screening modified antibodies

tolerance

lack of an immune response to self

clonal deletion

millions of cells created and get screened for self reaction. self reaction results in death of the cell

clonal expansion

when a specific antigen is recognized and the cell is activated. it rapidly produces a thousand of those cells to fight the infection

immunodeficiency

the lack of an immune response or a portion of the immune response

primary immunodeficiency

genetic cause

secondary immunodeficiency

caused by an infection

allergy

non-infectious thins occasionally cause an immune response

autoimmune disease

immune response develops that recognizes the host, and destroys host tissue

vaccination

the exposure of the host to an immunogen, in the hopes of developing a protective immune response