BIS 2B Midterm 1

Furrow and Keen Midterm 1 Flashcards

current, short-term atmospheric conditions

weather

average atmospheric conditions/patterns/cycles over many years/millennia

climate

Weather or climate?
A big winter storm

weather

Weather or climate?
Typical patterns of flooding in a region

climate

The equator is at ____ degrees of latitude. The North Pole is at ____ degrees and the South Pole is at ____ degrees.

0, 90, -90

patterns of atmospheric circulation, air rises near the equator and descends as dry air at 30 and -30 degrees (N and S respectively), creates deserts

Hadley Cells

When the N Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, it is (summer/winter) while it is (summer/winter) in the S Hemisphere.

summer, winter

September and March are known as the ___________________. June and December are known as the ______________________.

equinox, solstice

It is the same season when the Earth is at the equinox. (T/F)

T

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is also known as the ___________________ _____________________.

thermal equator

are with highest solar intensity on Earth, band of clouds/moisture/rain that shifts up and down periodically through the seasons

thermal equator

The air rises, cools, and releases mousture as rain or snow. This is where the wind comes from.
Is this windward or leeward?

windward

Dry air descends and warms the surface. There is little rain and arid conditions. Is this windward or leeward?

leeward

Leeward side is where the wind is coming from. (T/F)

F

On average, in which direction are the air masses moving?
A. from NW to SE
B. from NE to SW
C. from SE to NW
D. from S to N

A

the air around the Earth

atmosphere

The Earth’s outward radiation can increase over 100 (the value of solar radiation from the sun) due to the ______________ effect.

greenhouse

internal heating of the Earth’s surface, results in increased outward radiation from the surface (more than the solar radiation raw from the sun)

greenhouse effect

This agreement encourages the reduced usage of CFCs in order to save the ozone layer.

Montreal Protocol

CFCs deplete the __________ layer.

ozone

The (equator/poles) is/are colder because it takes longer for the Sun’s radiation to get there.

poles

How many Hadley Cells are there on Earth?

2

Hadley Cells cause the ____ degrees latitude part of the Earth to contain dry air. This phenomenon causes the ________________ to be wet.

30, equator

It is the same season everywhere on Earth. (T/F)

F

When winds that have picked up moisture over the ocean go up mountains it creates rain and when it goes down a mountain it stops raining and warms the dry surface. This is known as the ___________ _______________ effect.

rain shadow

How much snow (on mountains) we use to determine global warming

snow pack

California is generally warming particularly in (Northern/Southern) California.

Southern

frozen water on Earth’s surface

cryosphere

Compared to the past few years, there has been a(n) (increase/decrease) in global sea ice.

decrease

Sea ice has a typical annual pattern of increase and decrease. (T/F)

T

Glaciers are known as ice _____________ and sea ice are known as ice _____________.

sheets, shelves

A __________ is land-based and sea ice (ice shelf) are part of the ocean.

glacier

Which of the following contributes more to sea level rise?
A. Melting of ice sheets and other glaciers
B. Melting of ice shelves and other sea ice
C. They should be similar

A

Most ice is already in water, which causes melting sea ice to not change sea level. Sea ice partially in water already displaces sea level. Due to this, ice sheets/glaciers melting will add onto sea level. (T/F)

T

liquid water on Earth’s surface

hydrosphere

Sea levels are rising mainly due to melting (glaciers/sea ice) and _____________ ________________.

glaciers, thermal expansion

The ocean absorbs heat, but changes (fast/slowly) in temperature.

slowly

The ocean absorbs __________ and acidifies.

CO2

As the ocean increases in acidity, there will be fewer ________________ ions for organisms to flourish off of.

carbonate

The Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) has _____ possible climate futures as trajectories for greenhouse gas concentrations.

4

difference in genotypes of individuals of the same species

genetic diversity

different species occupying the same habitat at the same time

species diversity

total number of species in a habitat (whole number)

species richness

relative abundance of each species

species evenness

Species richness and evenness both determine the ________________ ____________.

diversity index

Consider two ponds with 4 species of frogs each. The diversity index of the first pond is 2.03 and the other is 3.96 The variation in diversity is driven by the differences in…
A. species richness
B. species evenness
C. a combination

B

A diversity index closer to the number of species means that the habitat is (less/more) diverse.

more

Would a rarefaction curve rise more steeply for a habitat with higher D or lower D? (higher/lower)

higher

geographic separation of a species into separate populations through some sort of physical barrier

vicariance

Which of the following is considered a vicariant event?
A. plate tectonics moving
B. Panamanian land bridge
C. dropping sea levels to form new land
D. rising sea levels to force an island to split into two
E. all of the above

E

_________________ is a driver of biodiversity.

vicariance

Most living tissues are made up of (water/macromolecules/ions).

water

Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids are the four kinds of ___________________.

macromolecules

_________________ are chains of amino acids and are made up of the elements C, N, H, O.

proteins

_____________ __________ are the building blocks of DNA and RNA.

nucleic acids

Nucleic acids contain elements:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
and occasionally ________________.

phosphorus

Glucose and cellulose are examples of ______________. They are made up of solely C, H, and O.

carbohydrates

______________ are long chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

lipids

These two elements must be “fixed” to become useful to most organisms.

carbon, nitrogen

The Earth’s atmosphere is mainly composed of ____________.

nitrogen

The atmosphere contains gaseous forms of carbon and nitrogen. All organisms easily use these as they can all easily convert them into usable forms. (T/F)

F

storing the atmospheric carbon as a carbohydrate, typically glucose, performed by prokaryotes

carbon fixation

Can heterotrophs process carbon fixation? (Y/N)

N

Green plants gained the ability to perform carbon fixation through a symbiosis with ____________________.

cyanobacteria

Nitrogen can also be fixed by prokaryotes with the enzyme _______________ to break the triple bond.

nitrogenase

The product of nitrogen fixation is ___________.

ammonia

Other organisms can use the product of nitrogen fixation which is performed by prokaryotes. (T/F)

T

_________________ occurs when atmospheric carbon is “fixed”.

photosynthesis

Plants use ___________ to harvest the energy from the Sun.

pigments

If a bacterium used water as the electron donor, what would replace the sulfur product?
A. carbon
B. hydrogen
C. oxygen
D. nitrogen

C

When ___________ is used as the electron donor, this is known as oxygenic photosynthesis.

water

live exclusively on inorganic sources of carbon, nitrogen, and other essential resources, create their own resources

autotroph

(Auto/Hetero)trophs can fix carbon and nitrogen.

auto

Plants have two major body divisions known as the _________ and ___________ system.

root, shoot

The ______________ system consists of stems and leaves, in which photosynthesis takes place.

shoot

The ____________ system is underground and provides water and nutrients for the other system of a plant.

root

Light exists in different _______________________ within the electromagnetic spectrum.

wavelengths

If a plant is green, it will (absorb/reflect) green light.

reflect

the relationship between the benefits of a trait in one context and its costs in another context

trade-off

all life functions cannot be simultaneously maximized, everything must have a trade-off

principle of allocation

What is the downside of opening the stomata?
A. plants release oxygen
B. plants could dry out
C. plants might get too much CO2

B

The ______________ allows CO2 to go in and take carbon. The H2O and O2 leave from it in a plant.

stomata

_____ plants are the most common form of plants.

C3

C3 plants use _____________ to perform carbon fixation.

rubisco

In dry climates, C(3/4) plants use the enzyme PEP to perform carbon fixation.

4

Rubisco can also bind to oxygen, which reduces the net carbon fixed by 25%. This is known as _______________________.

photorespiration

Do C3 plants do well in very dry places? (Y/N)

N

Do CAM plants open their stomata during the day at all? (Y/N)

N

In C4 plants, carbon fixation occurs in both ______________ cells and the bundle ___________ cells.

mesophyll, sheath

C(3/4) plants are better in higher temperatures, low CO2, and in drought conditions.

4

(C3/C4/CAM) plants perform reduced photosynthesis during the day because they are only limited to what they have stored overnight.

CAM

C3 and CAM plants use ____________ as a CO2-fixing enzyme.

PEP

Where do plants get micronutrients and water?

roots

Plants can form a symbiotic relationship (shared exchange) with __________.

fungi

use pre-formed organic molecules to acquire C, N, energy, and other essential resources, they eat other organisms of all types

heterotrophs

____________ _____________ of organisms share a mode of living such as heterotrophy, or carnivory. (i.e. a set of organisms that do the same thing, like eat leaves)

functional groups

____________________ are at the base of all food chains.

autotrophs

Heterotrophs can be both _______________, eating many different foods, or ______________, only eating certain foods.

generalists, specialists

eating many different foods, most things are accessible

generalist