Studied by 45 peopleFrench/Huron and Shawnee Tribes
Indians situated around the Great Lakes/Ohio River Valley area that allied with the French
English/Iroquois Tribes
Indians situated around the Eastern Woodlands region that are allied with the British colonists through the Covenant Chain
George Washington
A military general that led an expedition across the Ohio River to determine native status and later led the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War and became America's first president
Fort Duquesne
A major military seat for the French along the Ohio River Valley that Edward Braddock failed to claim, however, its later fall due to William Pitt's financial regiment support marked the end of the French and Indian War
Edward Braddock
A British military leader that failed to claim Fort Duquesne leading to colonist belief that they could better lead themselves
Albany Congress
Colonial representatives met together to discuss the French and Indian War, created the Albany Plan of Union that discussed joining colonies under Ben Franklin's Join or Die idea
Seven Year's War/French and Indian War
A series of conflicts between English and French and Indians over the Ohio River Valley area
Treaty of Paris 1763
The treaty that ended the French and Indian War that ended in English victory and claiming of the Ohio River Valley, but also put on England the debt and responsibility of using it
Acadians/Cajuns
England secured an early victory against Nova Scotia in the French and Indian war that displaced the Acadian Indians, some of which escaped to Southern Louisiana to form Cajun culture
Pontiac's Rebellion
A Native American war led by Pontiac, an Ottawa tribe leader, that killed four hundred soldiers and 2,000 settlers due to efforts to expulse whites from their land in the Ohio River Valley
Proclamation of 1763
British law that forbid further white settlement west of the Appalachians due to the fear of Indian rebellion and loss of control
Vice Admiralty Courts
Courts for smugglers or violators of the navigation acts without a jury and with one judge where smugglers must prove their innocence and if found guilty, they went to jail, and the judge gets 5% of their cargo while the rest goes to the crown
Writs of Assistance
General search warrant, allows the government to search your property at any time without evidence or probable cause
Sugar Act
An act that prohibited the smuggling of molasses
Stamp Act
Created by chancellor Grenville of Britain, tax for 1 penny on every single page of a document
External Tax
Taxes to regulate commerce, paid by merchants not by consumers
Internal Tax
Taxes that directly charge consumers based on what they buy for gaining government profit
Virtual Representation
British argument against taxation without representation, states that parliament represents all British
Loyal Nine
A group of middle class artisans that joined in a secret society in the later summer of 1765 that fought the Stamp Act
Sons of Liberty
A group of radical thinkers who fought against the stamp act in radical ways (demonstrations, violence) known to protest "taxation without representation"
Stamp Act Congress
In 1765, the first major coordinated action by the colonies against Britain for boycotting the Stamp Act, fought for taxation with representation
Declaratory Act
British act passed in 1766 that stated that Britain has the right at any time to place any taxes for any reason
John Locke
A major enlightenment thinker responsible for writing his "Two Treatises of Government" that focused on advocating for natural rights, popular sovereignty, and a social contract and later became the inspiration and foundation for the Constitution
Republican Government
A form of government where the people are the main source of power through voting and other public participation
Townshend Acts
In 1766, new indirect taxes on tea, glass, and paper passed by Britain that take power away from colonial legislature by paying crown officials in the colonies and making them independent of colonial legislature
Samuel Adams
Radical Revolutionary thinker who created the Sons of Liberty, the Boston Tea Party, and the Committees of Correspondence
Clergy and Protest
Letter from a Pennsylvania Farmer
A series of 12 essays written by John Dickenson that argued against the Townshend Acts for because of taxation without representation and because of the lack of paper and glass manufacturing in the colonies
John Dickenson
A Pennsylvania landowner who wrote "Letter from a Pennsylvania Farmer" who argued against the Townshend Acts
Patrick Henry
One of Virginia's leading independence advocates, who helped create the First Continental Congress and won election to that body representing Virginia, also created the "Give me Liberty or Death" speech
Spinning Bees/Clubs
Women's way of protesting against British taxes by spinning clothes instead of buying clothes
Committees of Correspondence
Coordinated letter writing of how to protect against Britain
Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts
British response to the Boston Tea Party that resulted in the closure of Boston harbor (port bill), the revocation of Massachusetts charter (Massachusetts Government Act), making all British officers tried in Britain (Administration of Justice Act), the Quartering act, which made military live in your house at any time, and the Quebec Act, which made Catholicism ok in New France and Ohio Territory
First Continental Congress
Meets in Philadelphia, first government of Colonies except Georgia, said that they were going to ignore the coercive acts, boycott all British goods, stop exporting goods to Britain, send a letter to the King
Boston Massacre
Colonists start antagonizing British soldiers with snowballs, soldiers were intimidated and fired, killed 5 people, defended and acquitted by John Adams
Crispus Attucks
A free black man killed in the Boston Massacre, the first man killed in the massacre, maybe first causality of the revolutionary war
Paxton Boys
Active in the 1760s in Pennsylvania where western farmers who murdered Indians without consequence
Green Mountain Boys
New Hampshire colonists clashing with New York colonists over land
Regulators
North Carolina western farmers who felt like Eastern elites were taking advantage of them through taxes
Dunmore's War
Westerners in Virginia who ran into conflict with Indians by pushing onwards to the west
Liberty Affair
John Hancock's ship got a large fine for smuggling, riot later ensues
Gaspe Affair
British custom ship that came to enforce smuggling, crashes off the coast of Rhode Island, then set on fire by the colonists
Tea Act
A tax on tea that also provided exclusive rights to the British East India Company to ship tea, prompts the Boston Tea Party response
Boston Tea Party
A revolt planned by the Sons of Liberty, disguise themselves as Native Americans, jump onto ships and through away millions of dollars in tea in protest of the Tea Act
Lexington & Concord
First shots of the Revolutionary War fired in April 1775 in Massachusetts
Second Continental Congress
In Philadelphia in May, 1775, a meeting of radicals and moderates where the Olive Branch Petition is sent, the Declaration of Independence is created, and the Continental Army led by George Washington is built
Olive Branch Petition
Document sent by the Second Continental Congress that says we are loyal to the king, but we need a ceasefire in Boston, coercive acts appealed, and the negotiation of rights of colonists
Common Sense
Document written by Thomas Paine that attacks the monarchy as an institution dangerous to liberty, colonists, and rooted in superstition, says that there is no economic need for British connection, first discussion of independence
Thomas Paine
Writer of Common Sense, inspires America to start moving toward independence, says that contrary to common sense to be a big country ruled by a tiny island
Declaration of Independence
Document drafted by Thomas Jefferson in the Second Continental Congress in 1776 as proposed by Henry Lee based upon John Locke and Thomas Paine, establishes American Independence
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