Virology Final Exam-Dr.Gray

What are the spike proteins in HIV

gp120 & gp41

Whats the co-receptor where people can be exposed to HIV but not contract it/ immune to the virus?

CCR5

HIV infects which lymphocyte (its a number added as well)

CD4 lymphocyte

People genetically resistant to HIV have which deletion ? (its a number)

32 base pair

How many HIVs are there?

Two: HIV 1 and HIV 2 (HIV-2 believed to come from monkeys) but was spread to humans

HIV-1 is more variant

more variant

FIV, what does it stand for ? What does it lead to ?

Feline Immunodeficiency virus; Immuno suppression in cats

How to diagnose FIV?

rapid ELISA test

Does FIV have a vaccine?

yes

The most common mode of HIV transmission ?

Sexual Intercourse & blood exposure

What antivirals are prescribed for HIV patients ?

- RT inhibitor

- Protease Inhibitors

- Fusion inhibitors

- Integrase inhibitors

- CCR5 co-receptor blocking inhibitor

How many antivirals are there for HIV?

5

How many Ebola strains are there ?

5

name the Ebola viruses

- Zaire

-Sudan

- Bundibungyo

- Tai Forrest

- Reston

Natural Host of Ebola ?

Bats

Is ebola highly contagious?

highly contagious, can spread from body fluids

What cells does Ebola infect

Macrophages,

monocytes,

WBCs

Dendritic cells

What can Ebola cause in cells ? and in general?

Cytokine storm and internal bleeding

Symptoms of Zaire Ebola

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Skin rash

Internal bleeding

fever

sore throat

muscle aches

headache

Is there an antiviral for Ebola

no anti-viral for Ebola

Is there a vaccine for Ebola?

yes, recently developed

What type of vaccine is the Ebola vaccine ?

Live, attenuated, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus, it expresses the ebola glycoprotein (rVSV-ZEBOV)

Is there an antibody treatment for Zaire Ebola ?

a monoclonal antibody treatment is available

Ebola prevention

-protective clothing

-sterilized contaminated equipment

-quarantine

-gloves

First Ebola outbreak/ case in the U.S.

1989, Reston, Virginia test monkeys

What virus is similar to Lassa Virus

Ebola

how is Lassa virus spread?

- infected rats release the Lassa virus in their urine and feces

- inhalation of airborne dried rodent urine

- eating food contaminated with rodent droppings

- contaminated rodent droppings entering a wound

Is there an antiviral for Lassa Virus?

yes, Ribavirin, which prevents dehydration

Is there a vaccine for Lassa Virus ?

No

How do you diagnose Lassa Virus?

RT-PCR, to detect the viral RNA antibodies in patient serum

Epizootic Hemmoragic Disease (EHD/Blue-tongue) What is it?

- present deer with blue tongue and splayed hoof

- No vaccine

- no anti-viral

- not known to spread to humans

Prions, is this a virus

No

PML (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) is a prion virus, top 4 need to know about it ?

- no envelope

- DNA virus

- Icosahedral capsid symmetry

- JC papovavirus<< etiologic agent

- related to HPV

Is PML a slow or rapid occurring virus?

PML = slow disease, like HIV, can contract early and not know until symptoms appear later

What does PML affect?

the white matter of the brain

what does Multifocal in PML mean?

multiple lesions on/ across the brain

Pathology of PML?

infects white matter of the brain by demyelinating nerve cells

What is something interesting about PML?

- only happens on white matter of the brain

- no inflammatory response occurs

What is the feeling of your brain when you have PML?

Your brain is spongy (spongiform encephalopathy), instead of the regular brain which is slightly firm.

Clinical features/ symptoms of PML?

- Confusion/ dementia

- altered speech and vision

- loss of coordination or paralysis

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

abnormal measles virus, only can develop if you had measles as a child before age 2

How to diagnose SSPE

- neurological scans

- brain biopsy

Is there a vaccine for SSPE?

Not SSPE directly, but if you get the MMR vaccine as a child, you cannot develop this.

SSPE main things to remember ?

- caused by measles virus

- rare disease

- showcases a gradual appearances in neurological function in either months or years

- Matrix (M) protein= mutated and defective

Is there an antiviral for SSPE?

No anti-viral

Kuru Disease interesting contraction?

Cannibalism, eating dead relatives.

Who contracted Kuru disease more and why?

Women and children because they ate the brains of their relatives, and that's where the disease was located

- men ate the muscles so they lacked contracting it

spongiform encephalopathy of sheep (scrapie) clinical signs

progressive ataxia, tremors, severe itching,

Does Scrapie cause disease in animals, humans, or both ?

Just animals, specific to sheep and goats

Scrapie shows what in the brain?

rod-like fibers in brain tissue

Sarcoma definition

tumor of connective tissue origin

oncogenic definition

ability to cause cancer via virus, chemicals, or etc.

What virus is associated with liver cancer and is known as hep B?

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

What virus is associated with liver cancer and is known as hep C?

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

What virus is also known as Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus?

HHV-8

What virus is commonly associated with cervical cancer?

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

What type of virus is Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2?

Retrovirus

6 human viruses that likely cause cancer

- hep B

- hep C

- Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (HHV-8)

- HPV

- Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2

a viral gene responsible for the oncogenicity of the virus

Viral oncogene

cellular genes taht regualt normal growth and divison of cells

Proto-oncogene

a gene with the power to convert a normal cell to a cancer cell

oncogene

a natural occurring gene that can turn cancerous

oncogene

What virus may express altered cellular genes that are tumor promoters

retrovirus

genes that suppress or inhibit the conversion of a normal cell into a cancer cell

Tumor suppressors

Tumor suppressors can cause cancer when?

They're mutated or turned off

Human genes that down-regulate cell growth and are tumor suppressor genes

p53 and Retinoblastoma gene

what do tumor suppressor genes do ?

slow down cell growth

What happens when a cancer cell metastasizes?

cell or cell clump seperates from tumor and spreads to other parts of the body

6 causes of human cancer ?

- viruses

- radiation

- chemical carcinogens

- chromosomal breaks or translocations

- mutations inhibiting DNA repair mechanisms

- mutations in genes that control cell growth

Two viruses that cause tumors in animals and cell culture?

Adenovirus and Poxvirus

How do DNA and RNA tumor viruses differ?

- genome

- replication

- Structure

What two types of HPVs cause human cancer?

HPV 16 & 18

What type of symmetry does HPV have ?

Icosahedral capsid symmetry

Is HPV enveloped ?

No, contains no envelope

About how many serotypes of HPV are there?

over 100

Where does HPV replicate, and in what cells?

Replicate in the nucleus, and of the metabolically active basal epithelial cells of skin

In benign HPV tumors and warts DNA is

Extrachromosomal (not integrated into the host chromosome)

Does HPV have a vaccine?

yes, needs to be administered before the first sexual interaction

What cancer is highly recognized with HPV

Cervical Cancer

Are their antivirals for HPV?

NO

How do you diagnose HPV?

-PCR

- DNA sequencing analysis,

- Pap smear

What type of vaccine is HPV ?

Recombinant and inactive

What types (in numerals) of HPV does the vaccine combat against? (4 types)

HPV, 6, 11, 16, 18 antigens

What is Merkel cell carcinoma caused by ?

Polyoma Virus

what famous singer died of Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Jimmy Buffet

What type of virus is MCC? (DNA or RNA, 2x stranded or 1x stranded)

Double-stranded DNA virus

What does MCC first appear as

raised bump on skin, wart like

Is MCC enveloped ?

No envelope, and small

Where does the polyoma virus infect Merkel Cells ?

skin epidermis

Is there a vaccine or anti-viral for MCC?

No vaccine nor anti-viral

How does MCC replicate ?

viral DNA integrates into the cell chromosome

In MCC what do mutations in T-antigens inhibit and induce?

Inhibit cell suppressor proteins, and induce cell transformation and oncogenesis

3 genes every retrovirus has

-gag

- pol

- env

What gene causes cancer in animals

SRC

4 main things to remember about HIV?

- Icosaherdral capsid symmetry

- enveloped

- reverse transcriptase and integrase are bound to viral genome

- infects CD4+ T-cell lymphocytes

Other cells HIV infects:

- NK cells

- Macrophages

- Dendritic cells (DC)

- CD8+ killer T-cells

- nervous system cells- glial cells, neurons, astrocytes

HIV co-receptor on T-lymphocytes?

CXCR4

HIV co-receptor on macrophages ?

CCR5

When does HIV turn into AIDS

When T-lymphocyte count drops below 50 micro liters

Why do HIV patients take about 3 anti-virals at a time ?

To combat the fast replication and recognition that HIV cells conduct, to also make sure patients don't get immune to the drugs