Chapter 1: Overview of Human Growth and Development

These flashcards capture the key concepts from the lecture on human growth and development, focusing on physical and cognitive growth processes.

What does 'proximal-distal' development refer to in human growth?

It refers to the trend where muscle control and coordination develop from the center of the body outward to the extremities.

At what age does rapid growth typically begin to slow down in children?

Around age two.

What are secular growth trends?

Generational changes in physical development primarily influenced by nutrition.

What is the primary source of growth hormone secretion during sleep?

The majority of growth hormone is released during deep sleep.

Why is breastfeeding considered optimal for infant development?

Breastfeeding provides essential nutrients and antibodies that help fight infections and ease digestion.

What is one way to help picky eaters during the toddler phase?

Offering choices in food options so that whatever they choose is a healthy option.

What developmental stage is characterized by the onset of puberty?

Early adolescence, usually around ages 11-13.

What are the two major risks associated with early maturation in girls?

Increased likelihood of depression and behavioral problems due to attention from older peers.

What is the importance of sleep for physical growth?

Sleep is critical because it regulates growth hormone secretion which is essential for physical development.

What types of eating disorders can occur in children?

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, oral motor difficulties, and extreme food selectivity.

What factors might influence when puberty begins?

Genetic factors, nutrition, and social factors like stress.

How does malnutrition during infancy affect cognitive development?

It can lead to decreased intelligence and learning abilities.

What percentage of Canadian children are estimated to be overweight?

Approximately 25%.

Why are car accidents a significant risk for children over one?

They are the most common cause of death in North American children, particularly adolescents.

What can excessive screen time lead to in children?

Increased risk of obesity due to decreased physical activity.

What role does the environment play in brain development?

Brain specialization requires interaction with the environment, leading to experience-dependent growth.

What is synaptic pruning?

The process of eliminating weaker synaptic connections in the brain to improve efficiency.

How does the development of the frontal cortex relate to cognitive abilities?

The frontal cortex is critical for higher-order processes like planning and decision-making.

What factors can contribute to eating disorders in boys?

Body dissatisfaction focused on muscularity and athleticism.