Honors Biology: 1st Semester Final Review

What is NET kilocalories gained by an animal?

The amount of energy available to the animal after accounting for energy expended to obtain food.

When is it beneficial for animals to hunt in a group?

When hunting larger prey or for increased success rates.

What is strong evidence used to support the relatedness between organisms of the same species?

Genetic similarities, such as DNA sequences or alleles.

What are chromosomes, genes, alleles, and karyotypes?

Chromosomes: structures that organize DNA; Genes: units of heredity; Alleles: different versions of a gene; Karyotypes: visual representation of chromosomes.

How can one figure out the parents of an animal using alleles?

By comparing offspring alleles with potential parents' alleles.

What are the benefits of living in a group apart from hunting?

Increased protection, social interactions, and cooperative care of young.

What is gel electrophoresis?

A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size, which can help identify parentage.

What is the connection between geographical location and how closely organisms are related?

Organisms closer geographically often share a more recent common ancestor.

What does a phylogenetic tree show you?

The evolutionary relationships between different species.

What can happen to energy that is ingested by an organism?

It can be used for growth, maintenance, reproduction, or be lost as heat.

Why is the lion more efficient in using energy it ingests?

Lions have adaptations that minimize energy loss during digestion and processing of food.

How much 'grass' energy eaten by the elephant is available to the lion if it eats the elephant?

Typically about 10% of the energy from the elephant.

What are physical features that distinguish carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores?

Carnivores have sharp teeth and claws; herbivores have flat molars; omnivores have a mix.

What are the different dietary needs of herbivores compared to carnivores?

Herbivores need high-fiber diets, while carnivores require protein-rich diets.

Can you create a diet given certain macromolecule and energy needs for that animal?

Yes, based on specific nutritional requirements.

What atoms are carbohydrates made of?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

What are the basic functions of carbohydrates?

To provide energy and serve as structural components.

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

What atoms are lipids made of?

Carbon, hydrogen, and some oxygen.

What are the basic functions of lipids?

To store energy, insulate, and make up cell membranes.

In what foods are lipids commonly found?

Fats, oils, butter, and avocados.

What are the building blocks of lipids?

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fats have one or more.

What atoms are proteins made of?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

What are the basic functions of proteins?

To build and repair tissues and act as enzymes and hormones.

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids.

How does nitrogen get into the food chain for plants to build proteins and DNA?

Through nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil.

What role does bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?

They convert nitrogen gas into forms plants can absorb.

How do animals get their nitrogen?

By consuming plants or other animals.

What is the purpose of an enzyme?

To lower the activation energy needed for a reaction.

What specific part of an enzyme does a reactant fit in?

The active site.

Are all catalysts enzymes?

False.

What does denature mean?

The process of an enzyme losing its functional shape.

What are 5 factors that affect how well an enzyme works?

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, presence of inhibitors.

What was the enzyme in the catalase lab and what was its function?

Catalase; it breaks down hydrogen peroxide.

What type of reaction occurred in the catalase lab?

It was a decomposition reaction.

How are energy pyramids and food webs organized?

By trophic levels, showing energy transfer between organisms.

Can you calculate how much energy is transferred to each trophic level?

Yes, typically around 10% of the energy is transferred.

Where does the energy that is lost go?

It is lost as heat or used for metabolic processes.

What are the three different types of symbiotic relationships?

Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

What are 4 limiting factors that can control an elephant population?

Predation, competition, disease, and resource availability.

What is the difference between density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors?

Density-dependent factors depend on population size; density-independent factors affect populations regardless of size.

What could cause populations to grow exponentially?

Abundant resources and lack of predators.

What is niche partitioning?

Species dividing resources to reduce competition.

What evidence shows there are genetic variations among species?

Differences in DNA sequences and traits.

What causes the proportion of a trait to change in a population?

Selective pressure, such as environmental changes or human impact.

What are STRs?

Short Tandem Repeats; sequences of DNA used in genetic profiling.

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous alleles?

Homozygous: two identical alleles; Heterozygous: two different alleles.

How does gel electrophoresis work?

It separates DNA based on size by passing it through a gel.

How do you read results from gel electrophoresis?

By comparing band patterns to identify matches.

What does progesterone do in rhino reproduction?

It helps maintain pregnancy.

What are possible solutions to help with rhino poaching?

Increased law enforcement, education, and anti-poaching technologies.

What materials do plants need to grow?

Water, sunlight, soil nutrients, and CO2.

How do elephants help with germination?

They disperse seeds through their dung.

Why does mitosis happen?

To produce identical cells for growth and repair.

What are the stages of mitosis?

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

What is the function of a membrane?

To regulate what enters and exits the cell.

What is the basic molecule that makes up the membrane?

Phospholipids.

What are the heads and tails of phospholipids?

Heads are hydrophilic; tails are hydrophobic.

What channels and receptors in the membrane are made of?

Proteins.

What does cholesterol do for the membrane?

It maintains membrane fluidity.

What is water's polarity?

Water is polar due to the unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen.

How do different things get across a membrane?

Through passive transport, active transport, and facilitated diffusion.

What is diffusion?

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

What is the diffusion of water called?

Osmosis.

What is active transport?

The movement of molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.

What are the products of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.

Does glycolysis need oxygen?

No, it is anaerobic.

What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?

To convert glucose into usable energy (ATP).

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP.

What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?

Ethanol and carbon dioxide.

How much ATP is made during glycolysis?

2 ATP.

What molecules deliver electrons from glucose breakdown to the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH2.

What does oxygen turn into during cellular respiration?

Water.

How does cyanide poisoning kill?

It inhibits the electron transport chain, preventing ATP production.