social self

what does the ego do

it performs the synthetic functions of the personality (the mental processes with which reality is understood) and the executive functions (the mental processes that produce behaviours)

what are Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development

stage 1: trust vs mistrust (0 to 18 months)

stage 2: autonomy vs shame and doubt (2 to 3)

stage 3: initiative vs guilt (3 to 5)

stage 4: industry vs inferiority (6 to 11)

stage 5: identity vs role confusion (12 to 18)

stage 6: intimacy vs isolation (19 to 40)

stage 7: generativity vs stagnation (40 to 65)

stage 8: ego integrity vs despair (65 to death)

what are the 3 interrelated components of the 5th stage (identity vs role confusion)

a subjective/psychological component (ego identity), a personal component (personal identity) and a social component (social identity)

stage 1

virtue: hope

too much trust: sensory maladjustment

too much mistrust: withdrawal- depression, paranoia and psychosis

stage 2

Virtue: Will

Too much autonomy: impulsiveness

Too much shame and doubt: compulsiveness

stage 3

virtue: courage

too much initiative: ruthlessness

too much guilt: inhibition

stage 4

virtue: competency

too much industry; narrow virtuosity

too much inferiority- inertia

stage 5

virtue: fidelity

too much identity: fanatic (believes their way is the only way)

too much role confusion: redupitation (being in a state of rejection

stage 6

virtue- love

too much intimacy- promiscuity

too much isolation- exclusion

stage 7

virtue-caring

too much generativity- overextension

too much stagnation- rejectivity

stage 8

virtue: wisdom

too much ego integrity- presumption

too much despair- disdain

factors that shape identity

genetics, ethnicity, race, culture, religion/spirituality, society, socialisation, media, location and opporunities, past experiences, appearance and self-expression, free will

six steps in gibbs reflective cycle

1. description

2. feelings

3. evaluation

4. analysis

5. conclusion

6. action plan

step 1 description

describe the situation and understand what actually happened

step 2- feelings

understanding what you felt before, during and after the situation

step 3- evaluation

where we understand what worked and what did not work

step 4- analysis

where we begin to understand why the experience was positive or negative and we try to understand what the internal and external situations were that resulted in the outcomes that were achieved

step 5- conclusion

we draw a conclusion that summarises the learning and highlights what changes could improve the outcome

step 6- action plan

we actually begin to take action based specifically on our conclusions

other self-inquiry techniques

• reflective journaling

• mindfulness meditation

• embracing self-doubt

• exploring physical sensations and bodily tension

• asking good questions

• getting comfortable with discomfort

• outing yourself

online identity

the combination of characteristics that help to define a person in a cyberspace

online identity reconstruction

the phenomenon that people build an online identity that is partly or completely different from their real identity by hiding or faking certain characteristics

online identity construction

focused on developing self-definitions and displaying personal attributes and social roles in the online environment

example of online identity reconstruction in gaming

game characters created are more similar to their ideal self than their actual self

example of online identity reconstruction in online dating

people engage in deceptive self-presentation by providing exagerated or false information about themselves

example of online identity reconstruction on facebook

individuals tend to build an online identity that is more socially desirable than their offline identity that make themselves appear more popular

factors that influence online identity reconstruction

personality traits, physical attractiveness, psychological status and demographic factors

what did Jung believe the psyche was made up of

the ego, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious

jung and the ego

the ego represents the conscious mind as it comprises thoughts, memories and emotions and it is largely responsible for feelings of identity and continuity

personal unconscious

all the information and experiences of an individual’s lifetime that have been forgotten or repressed but continue to influence their behaviour and attitudes on an unconscious level

complex (part of the personal unconscious)

a collection of thoughts, feelings, attitudes and memories that focus on a single concept.

collective unconscious

shared, inherited unconscious knowledge and experiences across generations, expressed through universal symbols and archetypes common to all human cultures

the persona

the outward face we present to the world as a means of social adaptation and personal convenience

the animus (women) and anima (men)

archetypes derived from both collective ideas of femininity and masculinity and from individual experiences with the opposite sex

the shadow (rooted both in the personal and collective unconscious)

represents the unconscious and repressed aspects of an individual which contrast those in the persona and are often projected onto others.

thinking individuals

make decisions based on logic and objective considerations

feeling individuals

make decisions based on subjective and personal values

sensing individuals

focus on realities, tangible facts and details. they are practical and literal thinkers

intuition individuals

focus on possibilities, interconnections and future potential. they are often abstract and theoretical thinkers

extroverted individuals

oriented towards the outerworld, tend to be more sociable and out going, deriving energy from interactions with others and the external environment

introverted individuals

preference for focus inward, gaining energy from reflection and solitude

judging individuals

prefer structure, organisation and decisiveness

perceiving

favour flexibility, adaptability and spontaneity

individuation

a lifelong journey toward integrating various aspects of the self to achieve wholeness and self-realisation

stages and process of individuation

1. self reflection and self awareness

2. confrontation with the shadow

3. encounter with the archetypes

4. integration of the anima/animus

5. encounter with the collective unconscious

6. achievement of wholeness

negative psychological outcomes of online identity reconstruction

false self-presentation is significantly correlated with negative mental health such as anxiety, depression and stress

identity experiments are positively associated with loneliness

positive impact of selective self presentation

it will increase people’s online life satisfaction when they have a low self esteem or a high level of social trust in other online users

positive impact of online identity reconstruction

people feel more autonomous and have a higher level of self-acceptance which improves their overall satisfaction online

primary motivation for strategic self-presentation

to build a positive public image

primary motivation for online identity experiment

individuals want to talk and behave freely to explore the reactions of others

primary motivation for online identity reconstruction

the fulfillment of vanity needs, access to new social networks and escape old social networks

how do personality traits affect online identity reconstruction

highly narcissistic people tend to engage in strategic self-presentation more on social networking sites

how does physical attractiveness affect online identity reconstruction

people who perceives themsekves as less physically attractive are more likely to enhance photographs and lie about physical features

how does psychological status affect online identity reconstruction

game players with lower psychological well-being are likely to reconstruct their identity to a greater extent

how does gender affect online identity reconstruction

women are more likely to than men

how does age affect online identity reconstruction

younger people do it more than older people

how does education level affect online identity reconstruction

those with higher education level present themselves deceptively to a greater extent than those who are less educated

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2)

2. Preoperational stage (2-7)

3. Concrete operational stage (7-11)

4. Formal operational stage (11 and older)

sensorimotor stage

coordination of senses with motor responses

sensory curiosity about the world.

language is used for demands and cataloguing

object permanence is developed

preoperational stage

Symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar to express concepts.

Imagination and intuition are strong, but complex abstract thoughts are still difficult

Conservation is developed

concrete operational

concepts attached to concrete situations not abstract ideas

time, space and quantity are understood and can be applied but not as independent concepts

formal operational

theoretical, hypothetical and counterfactual thinking

abstract logic and reasoning

strategy and planning become possible

concepts learned in one context can be applied to another

piaget’s stages of moral development

stage 1- pre-moral (0-5)

stage 2- heteronomous/moral realism (5-9)

stage 3- autonomous morality/moral relativism (10 and older)

kohlberg’s theory of moral development stages

Pre-conventional stage (3-7)

Step 1: Obedience/punishment

Step 2: Self Interest

Conventional stage (8-13)

Step 3: Conformity and Interpersonal Accord

Step 4: Authority and Social Order

Post Conventional (Adulthood)

Step 5: Social Contract

Step 6: Universal Principles

Arnett’s Theory of emerging adulthood

• Age of identity and exploration

• Age of instability

• Age of self-focus

• Age of feeling in between

• Age of possibilities

who created the self-discrepancy theory

tory higgins

the actual self

who we think we are which includes our good qualities, bad qualities and the qualities we think other people see in us

the ideal self

the person we would like to become in the future which includes enhancing or adding positive qualities that we do not believe are maximised in the actual self and eliminating negative qualities we currently have

ought self

what we think other people expect of us and deals with our perceptions of what the social world wants for us.

what happens when the selves do not align

self-discrepancy

what happens when the actual self and ideal self do not match

dejection-related emotions like disappointment, shame, embarassment and depression

what happens when our actual self and ought self do not match

agitation-related emotions like guilt, fear, self-contempt and anxiety

congruence

when our thoughts about our real self and ideal self are similar (our self-concept is accurate)

incongruence

when there is a great discrepancy between our real self and our ideal self

self-awareness

the ability to focus on yourself and how your thoughts, actions and emotions align or do not align with your internal standards

the elements of self-awareness

self-concept, thoughts, feelings and emotions and your body

the two states of self-awareness

public self-awareness and private self-awareness

the five pillars of self-awareness

emotional intelligence, core self evaluation, learning style, values and attitudes towards change

what was the first part of the brain to develop in humans

the amygdala

the amygdala

anticipates danger and causes physical reactions (heart racing, stomach tightening, tensing up) that signals to the prefrontal cortex to register a negative emotion

the goal of ingratiation

to create liking by using flattery or charm

the goal of intimidation

to create fear by showing that you can be aggressive

the goal of exemplification

to create guilt by showing that you are a better person than the other

the goal of supplication

to create pity by indicating to others that you are helpless and needy

the goal of self-promotion

to create respect by persuading others that you are competent

self-presentation strategies (jones and pittman)

the goal of ingratiation, the goal of exemplification, the goal of intimidation, the goal of supplication, the goal of self-promotion

Who created the Optimal Distinctiveness Theory

Marilyn Brewer

Optimal Distinctiveness Theory

this theory proposed that people’s sense of identity is derived from the opposing forces of two universal human motives- the need for inclusion and assimilation and the need for differentiation from others

what are the three enduring principles of human identity according to the simplified identity formation theory

integration, differentiation and continuity

what are the three faces of social psychology

psychological social psychology, symbolic interactionism and personality and social structure perspective

what are the three levels of analysis of the PSSP

Personality, interaction and social structure

symbolic interactionism

proposes that interactions among people are mediated by symbols and these symbolic interactions form and shape the self

what is the id driven by

the pleasure principle

what is the ego driven by

the reality principle

what are the two parts of the superego

the conscience and the ego ideal

what field did erikson pioneer

ego psychology

moral realism

the rules goiven by adults dictate what is right and wrong

consequences depend on the severity of the behaviour not the intention

moral relativism

rules are changeable based on circumstance and moral judgments of right or wrong weigh the importance of intentions

what was carl rogers a founding member of

the humanist movement