SAS 9 ETHICAL HANDLING AND PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES

Data handling

• the process of collecting, storing, analyzing, and sharing data responsibly and accurately

Data ethics

• principles and practices that ensure data is used in a fair, respectful, and legal manner

privacy

• the right of individuals to control how their personal information is collected and used

confidentiality

• ensuring that personal or sensitive data is accessible only to authorized individuals

data integrity

• the accuracy and consistency of data throughout its lifecycle

anonymization

• removing personal identifiers from data so individuals cannot be identified

Data Presentation

• the way data is organized and displayed to communicate information effectively

chart

• a visual representation of data, such as bar chart, line graph or pie chart

Table

• a structured data i rows and columns for easy comparison

graph

• a diagram showing the relationship between variables using points, lines, or bars

infographic

• a visual combination of graphics and text to present data in a clear and engaging way

bias

• a distortion in data collection or interpretation that leads to unfair or inaccurate results

Data

• set of facts that give us information about things

• doesn’t show us everything about a situation — it only gives us part of the picture

ethical awareness

• responsible handling of data are essential to ensure that information is managed in a manner that respects individuals’ rights, maintains trust, and upholds moral principles

keeping information safe

• making sure that personal information stays safe and is handles with care

being honest and fair with data

• treating everyone’s information honestly and fairly, without playing favorites or being unfair

making things clear

• making sure that everyone understands how things work and can make fair choices

agreeing only when you understand

making sure that people know what they’re saying “yes” to before they agree to anything

textual presentation

• combine text and numerical facts in statistical reports and is narrative in nature

text

• is any written or printed words that convey a message

• it can be a single word, a sentence, a paragraph, or an entire book

• it is a way for people to communicate ideas, info, and stories through writing

tabular presentation

• is much better to use than a textual presentation when the values are numeric and independent

two types of data

categorical and numerical data

categorical data

• means organizing individuals or things into groups based on their characteristics

• ex: gender (male or female), eye color (blue, brown, green), blood type (A,B,O), etc.

numerical data

• is a type of data where exact numerical values are expected

• ex: height, weight, age, pulse rate, number of children, typing speed

discrete variables

• values obtained by counting

• ex: no. of children, male students in a class and number of patients with TB

continuous variables

• have variables obtained by measuring

• ex: temperature, distance, area, density, age, height, weight

nominal

• no specific order

• ex: type of pets

ordinal

• specific order

• ex: movie ratings

interval

• numerical scales with equal intervals, no true zero

• temp in Celsius

ratio

• numerical scales with equal intervals, a true zero

• ex: height in centimeters