Based off of Barron's 2024
Attiude
Set of positive or negative beliefs and feelings
Mere exposure effect
If a person is exposed to an idea or object more, then there is a higher chance that they will like it or choose it (advertizing)
Central route
Deeply processing a message’s content (asking why?)
Peripheral Route
Processing a message less deeply and including other aspects aside from the content such as the communicator
Richard LaPiere
This person conducted an experiment with people’s willingness to serve Chinese people on the phone and in real life
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. When they do not, they experience mental tension and are forced to change their attitude to be free of it
Compliance Strategies
Getting people to comply with what you want
Foot in the door phenomenon
If people agree to a small request, it is more likely that they agree to a larger one
Door in the face strategy
If people refuse a large request, they are more likely to accept a smaller one
Norms of reciprocity
If someone does something nice, it is common to feel that you need to do the same
Attribution Theory
This explains how people determine the cause of what they observe (person/situation and stable/unstable)
Harold Kelley
This person described what determines how we attribute the cause of an event (Consistency, distinctiveness, consensus)
Consistency
Part of Harold Kelley’s description of what causes people to make certain attributions
How similar does the individual act over time in the same situation?
Distinctiveness
Part of Harold Kelley’s description of what causes people to make certain attributions
How similar is this situation to other ones?
Consensus
Part of Harold Kelley’s description of what causes people to make certain attributions
How would others in this situation may have responded?
Pygmalion in Classroom
This experiment was performed by Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson and informed teachers that some of their students had a potentially high IQ. This demonstrated self-fulfilling prophecy as those students were actually normal and then ended up scoring higher on the IQ tests.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Expectations about others can influence the way they behave
Fundamental Attribution Error
People systematically overestimate dispositional factors in influencing behavior
False-Consensus Effect
Overestimating how many people agree with you
Self-serving bias
Taking more credit for good outcomes than bad ones
Just-world bias
Thinking that bad things only happen to bad people
Stereotypes
Positive or negative opinions about a whole group of people (Californians are lazy)
Prejudice
Undeserved, usually negative attitude towards a group of people that is applied uncritically to all
(I don’t like Californians)
Discrimination
Involves an action (acting on prejudice)
(I won’t rent out apartments to Californians)
Ethnocentrism
Thinking that your own culture is the best
Out-group homogenity
Seeing members of your own group (in-group) as more diverse (not all Californians are lazy: some are hard-working, some are funny, etc.)
In-Group Bias
Preference for one’s own group
Contact Theory
Contact between hostile groups reduces animosity
Superordinate Goal
Working towards a goal that is beneficial for all as part of contact theory
Instrumental Aggression
Aggression intended to secure an end
Hostile Aggression
Aggression without a clear purpose
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
A hypothesis that states that higher frustration leads to higher aggression
Bystander Intervention
Conditions where people feel more likely to help each other
Diffusion of responsibility
If there are more witnesses, people feel less individual responsibilityP
Pluralistic Ignorance
People decide what counts as appropriate behavior by looking at others
Similarity, Proximity, Reciprocal Liking
Three factors of attraction
Self-Disclosure
Sharing pieces of personal information with another person; an indicator of attraction
Social Facilitation
The presence of others improves performance
Social Impairment
The presence of others may worsen performance when there is a difficult task
Conformity
Going along with views or actions of others
Obedience
Willingness to do what someone else says (Milgram: delivering shocks)
Norms
Rules about how members of a group should act
Roles
People in groups often have these well-defined
Social Loafing
Not putting in as much effort in a group as one would when working alone
Group Polarization
Groups make more extreme decisions than individuals
Groupthink
Some groups have a tendency of making bad decisions when members suppress reservations
Deindividuation
People feel more anonymous and aroused when part of a group