Energy systems

Glucose

Glucose

The usual form of carbs that humans use

Glycogen

the storage form of carbs that can be broken down

Carbs

4.1 kcal/g, stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver, the body's preferred fuel during moderate/vigorous exercise, breaks down easily and uses little oxygen, comes from plant-based foods

Protein

4.3 kcal/g, stored as muscle and amino acids around the body, 5-10% contribution to endurance events, used for growth and repair

Fats

9.3 kcal/g

Metabolism

a highly complex process by which energy is supplied to the body and energy-rich materials are assimilated by the body for the purpose of ATP synthesis

Resynthesis of ATP

the metabloic process of ATP regeneration, where ADP + P produce ATP, comes from carbs, fats proteins, and phosphcreatine

Krebs cycle

a metabolic process of aerobic energy production where pyruvic acid is metabolized, as are other fuel sources including glucose, fat, and protein

Mitochondria

where the resynthesis of ATP by the aerobic system takes place

Anaerobic threshold

the exercise intensity at which lactic acid begins to accumulate within the blood

Anaerobic pathways

without the use of oxygen, can supply energy of ATP synthesis very quickly, major energy systems ultilized during high-intensity exercise

Aerobic Pathway

In the presence of oxygen, supplies energy for ATP synthesis at a much slower rate, predominate supplier of ATP during endurance events (slower rate of use, greater total use)

Anaerobic Alactic equation

PC+ADP →ATP + Creatine

Anaerobic lactic equation

C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2P →2C3H6O3 + 2ATP + 2H2O

Aerobic equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36P →6CO2 + 6H2O+ 36ATP

Phosphocreatine

stored in the muscles and breaks down anaerobically to form phospate and creatine. this releases energy for the resynthesis of ATP

ATP-PC system

-anerobic -relies on the action of stored ATP and PC -lasts 10-15 secs -provides highest rate of ATP synthesis -no by product

excerise performed by ATP-PC

high-intensity exercise -sprints, throws, lifts, and jumps -takes about 5-10 seconds

Anaerobic Lactic system

-anaerobic -1-3 mins of high level performance -involves 11 seperate reactions -uses glucose and glycogen to make ATP -yields 2 ATP -by product is lactic acid

Lactic Acid

a watse product of the glycolysis pathway, converted from pyruvic acid in the absense of O2, impedes the breakdown of glucose and decreases the ability of muscles to contract, associated with burning in the muscles

Cori Cycle

lactcic acid is taken to the liver to be metabolized back into pyruvic acid and then glucose

excerise performed by anaerobic alactic/glycolisys

-400m/800m run, 100/200m swim, hockey shift

The Aerobic system

-3 stages are glycosis, krebs cycle and electron transport chain

• uses glucose, glycogen, fats, and protein to make ATP -lasts >2-3 mins -oxidative phosphorylation -slowest system, most energy produced (most efficient)

exercise performed by the aerobic system

-endurance events (low intensity) -walking, jogging, long swims

Glycolysis

-breaks down glucose which produces pyruvic acid -yields 2 ATP -In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl CoA

Advantages of ATP-PC

-instant energy production -o2 not required

Limitations of ATP-PC

-limited stored ATP and PC

Advantages of anaerobic lactic

-supports high intensity movements -o2 not required

Limitations of anaerobic lactic

-only glucose can be used -lactic acid is profuced

Advantages of Aerobic system

-Significant quantities of ATP production -Long duration -Usage of a variety of fuel sources -Can also help to remove lactic acid

Limitations of Aerobic system

-sub-max intensity -cardio-respiratory -o2 required