4.1 kcal/g, stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver, the body's preferred fuel during moderate/vigorous exercise, breaks down easily and uses little oxygen, comes from plant-based foods
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Protein
4.3 kcal/g, stored as muscle and amino acids around the body, 5-10% contribution to endurance events, used for growth and repair
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Fats
9.3 kcal/g
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Metabolism
a highly complex process by which energy is supplied to the body and energy-rich materials are assimilated by the body for the purpose of ATP synthesis
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Resynthesis of ATP
the metabloic process of ATP regeneration, where ADP + P produce ATP, comes from carbs, fats proteins, and phosphcreatine
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Krebs cycle
a metabolic process of aerobic energy production where pyruvic acid is metabolized, as are other fuel sources including glucose, fat, and protein
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Mitochondria
where the resynthesis of ATP by the aerobic system takes place
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Anaerobic threshold
the exercise intensity at which lactic acid begins to accumulate within the blood
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Anaerobic pathways
without the use of oxygen, can supply energy of ATP synthesis very quickly, major energy systems ultilized during high-intensity exercise
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Aerobic Pathway
In the presence of oxygen, supplies energy for ATP synthesis at a much slower rate, predominate supplier of ATP during endurance events (slower rate of use, greater total use)
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Anaerobic Alactic equation
PC+ADP →ATP + Creatine
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Anaerobic lactic equation
C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2P →2C3H6O3 + 2ATP + 2H2O
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Aerobic equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36P →6CO2 + 6H2O+ 36ATP
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Phosphocreatine
stored in the muscles and breaks down anaerobically to form phospate and creatine. this releases energy for the resynthesis of ATP
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ATP-PC system
-anerobic -relies on the action of stored ATP and PC -lasts 10-15 secs -provides highest rate of ATP synthesis -no by product
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excerise performed by ATP-PC
high-intensity exercise -sprints, throws, lifts, and jumps -takes about 5-10 seconds
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Anaerobic Lactic system
-anaerobic -1-3 mins of high level performance -involves 11 seperate reactions -uses glucose and glycogen to make ATP -yields 2 ATP -by product is lactic acid
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Lactic Acid
a watse product of the glycolysis pathway, converted from pyruvic acid in the absense of O2, impedes the breakdown of glucose and decreases the ability of muscles to contract, associated with burning in the muscles
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Cori Cycle
lactcic acid is taken to the liver to be metabolized back into pyruvic acid and then glucose
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excerise performed by anaerobic alactic/glycolisys
-400m/800m run, 100/200m swim, hockey shift
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The Aerobic system
-3 stages are glycosis, krebs cycle and electron transport chain
uses glucose, glycogen, fats, and protein to make ATP -lasts >2-3 mins -oxidative phosphorylation -slowest system, most energy produced (most efficient)
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exercise performed by the aerobic system
-endurance events (low intensity) -walking, jogging, long swims
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Glycolysis
-breaks down glucose which produces pyruvic acid -yields 2 ATP -In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl CoA
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Advantages of ATP-PC
-instant energy production -o2 not required
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Limitations of ATP-PC
-limited stored ATP and PC
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Advantages of anaerobic lactic
-supports high intensity movements -o2 not required
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Limitations of anaerobic lactic
-only glucose can be used -lactic acid is profuced
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Advantages of Aerobic system
-Significant quantities of ATP production -Long duration -Usage of a variety of fuel sources -Can also help to remove lactic acid
Studied by 16 people
