Medmicro Major Groups Quiz

bacteria cell type, cell wall, membrane lipds, 1st amino acid in protein, antibiotic sensitivity, RNA polymerase

prokaryote with cell walls made of peptidoglycan, ester linkage with straight chains, formomethionine, sensitive to antibiotics, one RNA polymerase

archea cell type, cell wall, membrane lipds, 1st amino acid, antibiotic sensitivity, RNA polymerase

prokaryote, varied cell wall type but not peptidoglycan, ether linkage, branched lipds, methionine, not sensitive to antibiotics, mutliple RNA polymerase

eukarya cell type, cell wall, membrane lipds, 1st amino acid, antibiotic sensitivity, RNA polymerase

eukaryote, ester linkage, straight chains, methoionine, not sensitive to antibiotics, multiple RNA polymerase

What molecule is compared to study evolutionary relationships among living organisms and why?

16s — found in all things, conserved function, change slowly enough to be useful for traicing long-term relationships (universal function with low variability)

Examples of bacteria

mitochondria, chloroplasts, gram-positive bacteria

examples of archea

halophiles and thermophiles

examples of eukarya

ameoba, fungi, plants, green algae, giardia

genetics of bacteria

single loop of DNA, some have plasmids

classification of bacteria

based on basic shapes — spherical, rod, sprial, comma, corkscrew. can exist in single cells, pairs, chains, or clusters

bacteria reproductive mechanism

binary fission

how and where do bacteria survive

they survive in all habitats, can survive extreme conditions through endospores (dormant structures resistant to hostile conditions)

charge of bacteria cell walls

negative (they can absorb (+) stains (methynele blue) but repel (-) stains (nigrisin))

classification of protists

unicellular microbes, classified based on locomotion methods, cell structure, nutrition methods. Phyla: amoebozoa, ciliophora, apicomplexa, and zoomastigophora.

protist locomotion methods

pseudopods (false feet), flagella (long), or cilia (short)

protist location

freshwater, marine ecosystems, soil, bodies of plants and animals

protist reproductive mechanism

binary fission, multiple fission, budding, sexual reproduction

protist impacts on human life

(positive) nutrient recycling, control bacteria populations, pollination. (negative) malaria, sleeping sickness, giardiasis

virus structure

(aka virion) contains core of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA), surrounded by protectice protein coat/capsid, sometimes further enclosed by envelope

virus classification

(based on phenotypes) morphology, nucleic acid they contain, mode of replication, hosts they infect, types of dieases they cause

virus reproduction

hijack cellular machine of host organism and force host to replicate virus’ genetic material and produce new virus particles. mode of reproduction depends on if virus is DNA virus, RNA virus, or retrovirus

yeast structure

nonfilamentous, unicellular fungi, spherical or oval shaped

yeast metabolism

faculative anaerobes/fermentation

yeast reproduction

asexual through budding

yeast location

fruits or leaves as white, powdery coating

structure of mold

mold colony is a thallus, composed of mycellium, each strand of which is a hyphae.

mold metabolism

obtain nutrients from dead organic matter

mold reproduction

some have asexual spores which are formed inside a sproangium, some have sexual zygospores

mold identification

phyla based on similarities in rRNA. Identified by appearance of colony, hyphal organization and structure/organization of asexual spores. Form (punctiform, circular, filamentous, irregular, rhizoid, spindle), elevation (flat, raised, convex, pulivnate, umbonate, crateriform), and margin (entire, undulate, lobate, erose, filamentous)

mold location

bread, dead organic matter