Hepatic, Biliary, and Pancreatic systems

hepatomegaly

liver inflammation

caval obstruction

tumor or hepatomegaly can restrict the vena cava leading to venous insufficiency and pedal edeam

portal hypertension

results in esophageal varices and stomach bleeding

International normalized ratio

0.8 to 1.2

hypo-proteinemia

decreased circulating protein

results in changes to the plasma protein

anasarca

generalized edema

ascites

edema in the peritoneal cavity

jaundice

elevated plasma bilirubin

gynecomastia

development of breast tissue in men

Hepatitis signs and symptoms

constitutional signs and symptoms

nausea and diarrhea

jaundice with pruritus

hepatomegaly

elevated liver enzymes

aversion to food

Hepatitis A

oral fecal transmission route

Hepatitis B

multiple transmission routes

-inoculation

-oral fecal

-STD

-dental or medical procedures

-childbirth

Hepatitis C

multiple transmission routes

-needles used for injecting drugs

-initially blood transfusion related

-dental or medical procedures

-childbirth

-tattoos

-STD

Hepatitis D

satellite virus to Hep B

multiple transmission routes

superinfection

Hepatitis E

transmitted through oral fecal route

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

diagnosed by 10% liver fat

common in person’s with obesity

cirrhosis

typically alcohol induced

prothrombin

produced in the liver and essential for clotting

loss of with liver disease

Hepatocellular failure

aka end stage liver disease

normal pH

7.35-7.45

increase in respiratory rate

blows off excess carbon and raises pH to normal levela

increase in urine production

pee off excess hydrogen and raise pH to normal levels

acute pancreatitis

inflammation of tissues and ducts

mot common signs and symptoms

-swelilng and pain refers to the back

causes of acute pancreatitis

overuse of alcohol and gall stones

necrotizing pancreatitis

pancreatic duct becomes blocked from inflammation and the pancreas will “digest” itself

chronic pancreatitis

long-term inflammation of pancreatic tissue and ducts

cholelithiasis

gall stones

cholelithiasis signs

pain (upper right quadrant) relief-food-pain pain pattern

6 F’s of cholelithiasis

female, fair, fertile, forty, fat, flatulent

cholelithiasis

upper right quadrant pain that may radiate to mid/lower back and shoulder

relief-food-pain pattern