Studied by 10 people
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what means to have two complete sets of chromosomes (one set from each parents)
diploid
what means you can mate with anyone, sexually reproducing organism mating with both male and females
hemaphrodite
what is a type of allele that when present on its own will not affect the individual (2 of these alleles are needed for the phenotype to be expressed)
recessive allele
what is a type of allele that can be expressed when its on its own (doesn't need to be in a pair)
dominant allele
does random mating change allele frequency or phenotypes or both
phenotypes
what means how common an allele is in a population, determined by counting how many times the allele appears in the population then dividing by the total number of copies of the gene
allele frequency
what are the observable physical properties of an organism
phenotype
which phenotype typically increases with random mating
dominant trait
after the first round of random mating we see an increase in the dominant phenotype, after the second round there is no real increase, what does this prove
no evolution
what is the genetic makeup of an organism, describes the organisms complete set of genes
genotype
what is the mathematical model that predicts genotype frequencies and is used as a control against which observed data can be compared
hardy weinberg principle
does the hardy-weinberg principle predict what the population would look like with or without evolution
without evolution
what are the 4 assumptions of the hardy-weinberg principle
random mating, large population size, no immigration/emigration/mutation, no selection
when the assumption of random mating is violated what kind 2 types of mating can occur
assortative and disassortative
______________ _______________ is when those with similar traits mate with eachother
assortative mating
what kind of mating would cause there to be no major change (greater likelihood of getting same allele from both parents, continuation of similar traits over time)
assortative mating
what kind of mating would cause there to be an increase in the dominant trait and decrease in recessive (bc get more heterozygotes from greater likelihood of parents giving different traits)
disassortative mating
_________________ ____________ is when those with different traits mate
disassortative mating
the slade's mice take part in ________________ mating so we will see __________ variation of genetic signatures in their offspring
assortative, less
____________ _______________ _______ is violated when population size changes and random events become ___________ prominent/important
large population size, more
what is the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance
genetic drift
genetic drift has ____________ genetic diversity which is __________________ for adaptation and survival
loose, important
does the hardy-weinberg need a closed population (no immigration/emigration) to be accurate
yes
if there is _______________, we can't make predictions because one allele will be favoured/reproduce and the other will die off
selection
true or false: allele frequencies and phenotype frequencies change as red alleles are removed more and more after each generation
true
which type of alleles follows the criteria
- most who carry these never feel the effects
- only if 2 of these are given it is expressed and they feel the consequences of the selection
- decreases the fitness of the organism carrying it
deleterious alleles
true or false: in some cases homozygous lethal recessive alleles are not removed by selection making predictions easy
false
what case explains 2 different alleles producing the same phenotype when homozyhous
2 allele case
most traits are ____________ and ______________
quantitative, polygenic
what traits are
- distinct "states"
- typically monogenic
- Mendelian inheritance patterns
qualitative
What traits are
- vary continuously
- phenotype is attributable to 2+ genes, interaction w environment, or both
- no Mendelian inheritance patterns
- frequently bell shaped distribution
quantitative
Hardy Weinberg predictions have ______________ predicting quantitative traits because they are on a _________________
difficulty, spectrum
when hardy weinberg assumptions are violated ________________ is at work and changes from one generation to another
evolution
the ____________ __________ __________ case shows natural selection removing genetic variation but genetic variation still being present
- it makes it hard for malaria to survive, provides greater survival by protecting from malaria
sickle cell anemia
With the different coloured Elder Flower Orchids and pollination, the fluctuation in dominance in the population is due to what
selective advantage
the pollinator feeding strategy with the Elder Flower Orchids leads to a __________________ _________________
balanced polymorphism
what are the 5 agents of microevolutionary change
mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection, non-random mating
what is an introduction of new genetic variation
mutation
what is the introduction of new genetic variation or the loss of genetic variation, the movement of genes into or out of a population
gene flow
what changes the frequencies of alleles
natural selection
what may change allelic frequencies
non-random mating
Charles Darwin used domesticated species to first illustrate the concept of what
artificial selection
what is the change associated with exaggeration of desirable (from human perspective) rather than improved survival or reproductive abilities
artificial selection
the ___________________ can affect whether or not a trait is adaptive or deleterious (favoured or not)
environment
who was the father of modern taxonomy and created a system of binary nomenclature
Carl Linnaeus
what kind of nomenclature has the genus and species (genus capitalized and the whole thing in italics)
- gives name, where species comes from, and where species come from ancestrally
binary nomenclature
true or false: not all species are dependent of each other having unique traits and common traits
true
a way to define species is through _____________ ____________
species concept
what is a group of organisms that are biologically "distinct" from others and evolving along a lineage
species
true or false: the question of how distinct species are, how they should be grouped is a longstanding question
true
what is used to construct the idea of a species
- set of conditions that are necessary and sufficient to identify a group of individuals as a species
- do not only define what a species is, but also define what speciation is
species concept
_____________ _____________ is important to many biologists working in the field of taxonomy, evolutionary biology, ecological and behavioural studies, conservation biology
species concept
what is the concept of organisms classified in the same species if they appear identical by morphological (anatomical) criteria
- says the red wolf is distinct from other wolves bc it looks different
- species delineations based on notable differences in phenotype
morphospecies concept
what has pros of
- practical approach that is widely understood by both scientists and non-scientists
- focuses on novelties that have arisen over time (diagnostic characters)
- useful for classifying the fossil record (used for living and non-living)
morphospecies concept
what has cons of
- not useful when "species" exhibit substantial phenotypic polymorphisms (or belong to rings)
- difficult since species are so complex, don't know where to split
- relates to the example of leaf stick insects where males and females look different but are part of the same species
- not useful when there is lots of superficial phenotypic differences between putative species/groups (may combine when shouldn't)
morphospecies concept
what are serious of groups with common ancestry but groups are distinct due to selection, mutation, drift etc
rings
what is the concept of species being groups of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals which are reproductively isolated from other such groups
- species delineations based on ability to successfully interbreed and produce viable, fertile, offspring
biological species concept
what has pros of
- many sister species hard to distinguish
- uses species own perceptions to make limits
- stresses idea that species are the key unit of evolutionary, adn that gene flow is the glue that holds a species together
- stepping stone for studying reasons that underlie reproductive isolation
biological species concept
what has cons of
- can only be used in non extinct
- relies on reproductive isolation, not useful for species that are not sexually reproductive
- cant really trust species own perceptions
- gene flow can occur even between taxa that are otherwise genetically divergent (bacterial, ring species)
- does not apply to organisms created by hybridization
- hard to apply to cases of no natural opportunity for mating
biological species concept
according to the biological species concept, horses and donkeys are ______________ group(s) because they've evolved ________________ chromosomes
different, diffferent
true or false: the biological species concept cant explain tigers and lions being the same species because they don't naturally mate to produce offspring
true
true or false: the African Molly Poecilia formosa is from hybrid bisexual species, mostly all female, gynogenetic embryogenesis requires activation by sperm from related species
true
what is the concept of species in groups of individual organisms adapted to a particular set of resources called a niche in the environment
- species delineations based on niche usage
- emphasis on selection as important force preventing intermediate/hybrid forms
ecological species concept
what is the role an organism plays in a community
niche
what has pros of
- uses species own ecological usage to set limits
- differences between species in form and behaviour are often related to difference in the ecological resources the species exploits
- emphasis on selection as an important force preventing intermediate forms
ecological species concept
what has cons of
- many sister species use same resources
- defining niche use can be very difficult and subjective
- many species are flexible in niche
- can only be used in non extinct populations
ecological species concept
what is the concept of species as diagnosable cluster of individuals within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent
- species delineations based on common ancestry
- focuses on genotype
phylogenetic species concept
what has pros of
- considers temporal/evolutionary nature of species
- no complicated sub-species designations
- not troubled by possibility that slightly different geographic forms might interbreed
phylogenetic species concept
what has cons of
- is it too easy to meet the species threshold, results in species inflation, results in more rare species
- divisions based on minor differences that do not have any clear biological relevance
- in uni-parental species, little gene flow between lineage (is each clone with a mutation a different species?)
- if groups can still reproduce, may not remain separate species bc of gene flow
- sometimes "species" arise from repeated events (polyploids) and are not monophyletic in origin
phylogenetic species concept
what is the concept of species delineations based on subjective judgement of any component systematist
practical species concept
what has pros of
- decisions based on careful consideration of all available information
- flexible criteria for different taxa
practical species concept
what has cons of
- not philosophically satisfying (a cheat?)
- what happens when 2 component systematists disagree?
practical species concept
what is the concept of species in groups of individuals that are reciprocally characterized by features that would have negative effects in other groups and that cant be regularly exchanged between groups upon contact
- "opposite fitness effects" of alternative alleles
- differences may be due to differential adaptation, genetic drift, or other non adaptive processes
- selection eliminates variants, maintaining distinctness
differential fitness species concept
what has pros of
- allows exchange of genes (as long as no deleterious effect on fitness)
- recognizes that species specific features arise through reproductive isolation and differential selection
- reproductive isolation is not necessary
- applicable to uni-parental and bi-parental organisms
differential fitness species concept
what has cons of
- can only be used easily in non extinct population
- need to know the fitness of trait variation
- how to deal with lineages of individuals inhabiting the same environment but carrying different selectively neutral alleles that are incompatible when combined in offspring
differential fitness species concept
what is the concept of looking back in time being the only way to see a species
retrospective reproductive community concept
___________ _____________ reveals different phenotypes adaptations
comparative anatomy
____________ are simultaneously reproductive communities, ecological entities, genetic entities and evolutionary actor, each with their own unrepeatable history
species
true or false: each species concept tells the same part of the story of biodiversity
false
what prevents gene flow, keeps them the same
- most uncommon/uncontroversial way that sub-divided population can speciate
- relies on geographic isolation, happens in different countries
- without gene flow you get mutations in one population and not the other because they are separated
allopatric speciation
what has to do with continental plates splitting over many years so species that were all over are now separated and isolated (different groups broken up over time)
continental drift
what caused a species knock over found new species along north america
- species were isolated, had different mutations independantly since no gene flow so overtime they did not recognize each other as the same speciess
- example of this was the white tailed antelope squirrel and the harris antelope squirrel
tohoku tsunami
____________ inhabit the _________________ islands being isolated from mainland birds, found to have similar genetic sequence to hawks
- in small isolated islands, genetics are similar to each other
- isolating allows variation
finches, galapagos
the marine ___________________ were in an earthquake and isolated so began to evolve independently
stickleback
what is the process of 2 allopatricaly distributed populations of a species being geographically reunited
secondary contact
true or false: drosophila flies mating preference were isolated for a year and mixed preferred their own new species
true
what is the most rare and controversial speciation
- same country, no barriers
sympatric speciation
true or false: Rhagoletis pomonella apple maggot flies were originally seen as a new sympatric species coming out of no where
true
apple maggot flies were in the _______________ fruits and switched to ___________ fruits
hawthorne, apple
apple fruit provides _______ times more food than hawthorne fruits and they are much _____________ to burrow and avoid parasitoid wasps
220, deeper
is the nutritional quality better in hawthorn fruits or apples
hawthorne fruits
is there geographic isolation or physical separation between hawthorn and apple maggot flies
no
hawthorn and apple maggot flies are phenotypically ______________________ but different host-form have different ___________ __________
indistinguishable, genetic profiles
true or false: flies from each host form strongly prefer to mate and lay fertilized eggs on their own host plant
true
true or false: hybrids between hawthorn and apple maggot flies are not viable or fertile
false
what means same genes on same chromosomes but in different order
polymorphisms
with the apple maggot flies, the order of genes are different from hawthorn, process of mitosis is different so they will not recombine this means the maggot flies have _______________ __________________
inversion polymosphism
what are the 4 types of chromosomal alterations
deletion, duplication, translocation, inversion
what is a chromosomal alteration of broken segment lost from chromosome
deletion
what is a chromosomal alteration of broken segment inserteed into homologous chromosome
duplication
