Syd - BI111 Final

what means to have two complete sets of chromosomes (one set from each parents)

diploid

what means you can mate with anyone, sexually reproducing organism mating with both male and females

hemaphrodite

what is a type of allele that when present on its own will not affect the individual (2 of these alleles are needed for the phenotype to be expressed)

recessive allele

what is a type of allele that can be expressed when its on its own (doesn't need to be in a pair)

dominant allele

does random mating change allele frequency or phenotypes or both

phenotypes

what means how common an allele is in a population, determined by counting how many times the allele appears in the population then dividing by the total number of copies of the gene

allele frequency

what are the observable physical properties of an organism

phenotype

which phenotype typically increases with random mating

dominant trait

after the first round of random mating we see an increase in the dominant phenotype, after the second round there is no real increase, what does this prove

no evolution

what is the genetic makeup of an organism, describes the organisms complete set of genes

genotype

what is the mathematical model that predicts genotype frequencies and is used as a control against which observed data can be compared

hardy weinberg principle

does the hardy-weinberg principle predict what the population would look like with or without evolution

without evolution

what are the 4 assumptions of the hardy-weinberg principle

random mating, large population size, no immigration/emigration/mutation, no selection

when the assumption of random mating is violated what kind 2 types of mating can occur

assortative and disassortative

______________ _______________ is when those with similar traits mate with eachother

assortative mating

what kind of mating would cause there to be no major change (greater likelihood of getting same allele from both parents, continuation of similar traits over time)

assortative mating

what kind of mating would cause there to be an increase in the dominant trait and decrease in recessive (bc get more heterozygotes from greater likelihood of parents giving different traits)

disassortative mating

_________________ ____________ is when those with different traits mate

disassortative mating

the slade's mice take part in ________________ mating so we will see __________ variation of genetic signatures in their offspring

assortative, less

____________ _______________ _______ is violated when population size changes and random events become ___________ prominent/important

large population size, more

what is the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

genetic drift

genetic drift has ____________ genetic diversity which is __________________ for adaptation and survival

loose, important

does the hardy-weinberg need a closed population (no immigration/emigration) to be accurate

yes

if there is _______________, we can't make predictions because one allele will be favoured/reproduce and the other will die off

selection

true or false: allele frequencies and phenotype frequencies change as red alleles are removed more and more after each generation

true

which type of alleles follows the criteria
- most who carry these never feel the effects
- only if 2 of these are given it is expressed and they feel the consequences of the selection
- decreases the fitness of the organism carrying it

deleterious alleles

true or false: in some cases homozygous lethal recessive alleles are not removed by selection making predictions easy

false

what case explains 2 different alleles producing the same phenotype when homozyhous

2 allele case

most traits are ____________ and ______________

quantitative, polygenic

what traits are
- distinct "states"
- typically monogenic
- Mendelian inheritance patterns

qualitative

What traits are
- vary continuously
- phenotype is attributable to 2+ genes, interaction w environment, or both
- no Mendelian inheritance patterns
- frequently bell shaped distribution

quantitative

Hardy Weinberg predictions have ______________ predicting quantitative traits because they are on a _________________

difficulty, spectrum

when hardy weinberg assumptions are violated ________________ is at work and changes from one generation to another

evolution

the ____________ __________ __________ case shows natural selection removing genetic variation but genetic variation still being present
- it makes it hard for malaria to survive, provides greater survival by protecting from malaria

sickle cell anemia

With the different coloured Elder Flower Orchids and pollination, the fluctuation in dominance in the population is due to what

selective advantage

the pollinator feeding strategy with the Elder Flower Orchids leads to a __________________ _________________

balanced polymorphism

what are the 5 agents of microevolutionary change

mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection, non-random mating

what is an introduction of new genetic variation

mutation

what is the introduction of new genetic variation or the loss of genetic variation, the movement of genes into or out of a population

gene flow

what changes the frequencies of alleles

natural selection

what may change allelic frequencies

non-random mating

Charles Darwin used domesticated species to first illustrate the concept of what

artificial selection

what is the change associated with exaggeration of desirable (from human perspective) rather than improved survival or reproductive abilities

artificial selection

the ___________________ can affect whether or not a trait is adaptive or deleterious (favoured or not)

environment

who was the father of modern taxonomy and created a system of binary nomenclature

Carl Linnaeus

what kind of nomenclature has the genus and species (genus capitalized and the whole thing in italics)
- gives name, where species comes from, and where species come from ancestrally

binary nomenclature

true or false: not all species are dependent of each other having unique traits and common traits

true

a way to define species is through _____________ ____________

species concept

what is a group of organisms that are biologically "distinct" from others and evolving along a lineage

species

true or false: the question of how distinct species are, how they should be grouped is a longstanding question

true

what is used to construct the idea of a species
- set of conditions that are necessary and sufficient to identify a group of individuals as a species
- do not only define what a species is, but also define what speciation is

species concept

_____________ _____________ is important to many biologists working in the field of taxonomy, evolutionary biology, ecological and behavioural studies, conservation biology

species concept

what is the concept of organisms classified in the same species if they appear identical by morphological (anatomical) criteria
- says the red wolf is distinct from other wolves bc it looks different
- species delineations based on notable differences in phenotype

morphospecies concept

what has pros of
- practical approach that is widely understood by both scientists and non-scientists
- focuses on novelties that have arisen over time (diagnostic characters)
- useful for classifying the fossil record (used for living and non-living)

morphospecies concept

what has cons of
- not useful when "species" exhibit substantial phenotypic polymorphisms (or belong to rings)
- difficult since species are so complex, don't know where to split
- relates to the example of leaf stick insects where males and females look different but are part of the same species
- not useful when there is lots of superficial phenotypic differences between putative species/groups (may combine when shouldn't)

morphospecies concept

what are serious of groups with common ancestry but groups are distinct due to selection, mutation, drift etc

rings

what is the concept of species being groups of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals which are reproductively isolated from other such groups
- species delineations based on ability to successfully interbreed and produce viable, fertile, offspring

biological species concept

what has pros of
- many sister species hard to distinguish
- uses species own perceptions to make limits
- stresses idea that species are the key unit of evolutionary, adn that gene flow is the glue that holds a species together
- stepping stone for studying reasons that underlie reproductive isolation

biological species concept

what has cons of
- can only be used in non extinct
- relies on reproductive isolation, not useful for species that are not sexually reproductive
- cant really trust species own perceptions
- gene flow can occur even between taxa that are otherwise genetically divergent (bacterial, ring species)
- does not apply to organisms created by hybridization
- hard to apply to cases of no natural opportunity for mating

biological species concept

according to the biological species concept, horses and donkeys are ______________ group(s) because they've evolved ________________ chromosomes

different, diffferent

true or false: the biological species concept cant explain tigers and lions being the same species because they don't naturally mate to produce offspring

true

true or false: the African Molly Poecilia formosa is from hybrid bisexual species, mostly all female, gynogenetic embryogenesis requires activation by sperm from related species

true

what is the concept of species in groups of individual organisms adapted to a particular set of resources called a niche in the environment
- species delineations based on niche usage
- emphasis on selection as important force preventing intermediate/hybrid forms

ecological species concept

what is the role an organism plays in a community

niche

what has pros of
- uses species own ecological usage to set limits
- differences between species in form and behaviour are often related to difference in the ecological resources the species exploits
- emphasis on selection as an important force preventing intermediate forms

ecological species concept

what has cons of
- many sister species use same resources
- defining niche use can be very difficult and subjective
- many species are flexible in niche
- can only be used in non extinct populations

ecological species concept

what is the concept of species as diagnosable cluster of individuals within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent
- species delineations based on common ancestry
- focuses on genotype

phylogenetic species concept

what has pros of
- considers temporal/evolutionary nature of species
- no complicated sub-species designations
- not troubled by possibility that slightly different geographic forms might interbreed

phylogenetic species concept

what has cons of
- is it too easy to meet the species threshold, results in species inflation, results in more rare species
- divisions based on minor differences that do not have any clear biological relevance
- in uni-parental species, little gene flow between lineage (is each clone with a mutation a different species?)
- if groups can still reproduce, may not remain separate species bc of gene flow
- sometimes "species" arise from repeated events (polyploids) and are not monophyletic in origin

phylogenetic species concept

what is the concept of species delineations based on subjective judgement of any component systematist

practical species concept

what has pros of
- decisions based on careful consideration of all available information
- flexible criteria for different taxa

practical species concept

what has cons of
- not philosophically satisfying (a cheat?)
- what happens when 2 component systematists disagree?

practical species concept

what is the concept of species in groups of individuals that are reciprocally characterized by features that would have negative effects in other groups and that cant be regularly exchanged between groups upon contact
- "opposite fitness effects" of alternative alleles
- differences may be due to differential adaptation, genetic drift, or other non adaptive processes
- selection eliminates variants, maintaining distinctness

differential fitness species concept

what has pros of
- allows exchange of genes (as long as no deleterious effect on fitness)
- recognizes that species specific features arise through reproductive isolation and differential selection
- reproductive isolation is not necessary
- applicable to uni-parental and bi-parental organisms

differential fitness species concept

what has cons of
- can only be used easily in non extinct population
- need to know the fitness of trait variation
- how to deal with lineages of individuals inhabiting the same environment but carrying different selectively neutral alleles that are incompatible when combined in offspring

differential fitness species concept

what is the concept of looking back in time being the only way to see a species

retrospective reproductive community concept

___________ _____________ reveals different phenotypes adaptations

comparative anatomy

____________ are simultaneously reproductive communities, ecological entities, genetic entities and evolutionary actor, each with their own unrepeatable history

species

true or false: each species concept tells the same part of the story of biodiversity

false

what prevents gene flow, keeps them the same
- most uncommon/uncontroversial way that sub-divided population can speciate
- relies on geographic isolation, happens in different countries
- without gene flow you get mutations in one population and not the other because they are separated

allopatric speciation

what has to do with continental plates splitting over many years so species that were all over are now separated and isolated (different groups broken up over time)

continental drift

what caused a species knock over found new species along north america
- species were isolated, had different mutations independantly since no gene flow so overtime they did not recognize each other as the same speciess
- example of this was the white tailed antelope squirrel and the harris antelope squirrel

tohoku tsunami

____________ inhabit the _________________ islands being isolated from mainland birds, found to have similar genetic sequence to hawks
- in small isolated islands, genetics are similar to each other
- isolating allows variation

finches, galapagos

the marine ___________________ were in an earthquake and isolated so began to evolve independently

stickleback

what is the process of 2 allopatricaly distributed populations of a species being geographically reunited

secondary contact

true or false: drosophila flies mating preference were isolated for a year and mixed preferred their own new species

true

what is the most rare and controversial speciation
- same country, no barriers

sympatric speciation

true or false: Rhagoletis pomonella apple maggot flies were originally seen as a new sympatric species coming out of no where

true

apple maggot flies were in the _______________ fruits and switched to ___________ fruits

hawthorne, apple

apple fruit provides _______ times more food than hawthorne fruits and they are much _____________ to burrow and avoid parasitoid wasps

220, deeper

is the nutritional quality better in hawthorn fruits or apples

hawthorne fruits

is there geographic isolation or physical separation between hawthorn and apple maggot flies

no

hawthorn and apple maggot flies are phenotypically ______________________ but different host-form have different ___________ __________

indistinguishable, genetic profiles

true or false: flies from each host form strongly prefer to mate and lay fertilized eggs on their own host plant

true

true or false: hybrids between hawthorn and apple maggot flies are not viable or fertile

false

what means same genes on same chromosomes but in different order

polymorphisms

with the apple maggot flies, the order of genes are different from hawthorn, process of mitosis is different so they will not recombine this means the maggot flies have _______________ __________________

inversion polymosphism

what are the 4 types of chromosomal alterations

deletion, duplication, translocation, inversion

what is a chromosomal alteration of broken segment lost from chromosome

deletion

what is a chromosomal alteration of broken segment inserteed into homologous chromosome

duplication