LPTHW shell commands

ls

List directory contents

cd

Change the current directory

use “cd ..” to move up one directory in the path, “cd ../.. “ to move up two, etc.

mkdir

Create a new directory

rm

Remove files or directories

rm -rf means recursive remove and forcefully deletes them without prompts.

pwd

Print the current working directory

hostname

Display the name of the current host system.

rmdir

Remove empty directories.

won’t work if the directory isn’t empty; use rm -rf to delete the directory and its files

pushd

push directory

popd

pop directory

cp

copy a file or directory

syntax is cp filetocopy.txt newfile.txt, or folder/, etc.

mv

move a file or directory

less

page through a file (use q for quit)

cat

print the whole file

xargs

execute arguments

find

find files

man

read manual

apropos

find which manual page is appropriate

grep

search for specific patterns within files.

env

look at your environment

echo

print some arguments

export

export/set a new environment variable or update an existing one.

exit

exit the shell

sudo

super user

-p

priviledged

use -p to add multiple new directories such a new1/new1a/new1a1

-lR

when used with “ls -lR” shows all the directories, permissions, history, etc.

touch

create a new empty file

-r

used to copy files recursively

for example, “cp -r sourcedirectory destinationdirectory”to copy directories and their contents.

xargs

extended arguments: tool for building and executing command lines from standard input.

chmod

change file permissions

chown

change file ownership