APWH Unit 1 + 2 Packets

Describe the geographical extent of the Islamic world by 1200

(Look up in textbook)

Describe the Arab Empire between 1200 and 1450

Expanded majorly, was Middle East and Egypt incorporated into it, cultural and religious sphere dominated by Turkish dynasties.

What was the Abbasid Caliphate

The third Islamic caliphate, was an Arab Dynasty ruling the Islamic world in theory.

Accomplishments in Abbasid Caliphate

Built new capital, prosperous Islamic civilization

Abbasid Caliphate

Led to significant shifts in power dynamics within the Islamic world. Under the Abbasids, trade flourished across the Silk Roads and Indian Ocean, causing cultural exchange and economic prosperity throughout the empire.

What did the Abbasid emphasize?

Education and scholarship. Led to establishment of institutions like the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.

Decline of Abbasid

Began in the 10th century due to internal strife, fragmentation of power, and rising regional powers like the Fatimids and Seljuks. Mongol invasion in 1258 ended Abbasid Caliphate, destroying Baghdad, leading to loss of life and cultural heritage.

Why was the introduction of Turkic-speaking pastoralists a major turning point in the Islamic Middle East?

New religious and political system that spread rapidly, creation of the Arab Empire (caliphates) brought significant political, social, and cultural changes, Islam advanced in science, mathematics, literature, and philosophy, fall of the Abbasid Caliphate and emergence of the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century led to shift in political and military power

What title did Seljuk Turks adopt and what did this title mean?

Title of Sultan meant ruler

What did the conversion of Islam by Turkic-speaking warrior represent?

A major expansion of faith launched new role as major sustainer of Islam and carrier of faith into new region

What nomadic people group was responsible for founding the Ottoman Empire?

Turkey warrior groups

Where did the Ottoman Empire expand its control by the sixtenth century?

Middle East, Egypt, Central North Africa, lands surrounding Black Sea and Eastern Europe.

Why was the Ottoman Empire considered a state of enormous significance?

Had huge territory, long duration, diverse people, and economic and cultural sophistication.

Why did ottoman leaders add “caliph” to their other titles

It claimed the legacy of earlier Abbasid Empire

What does devshirme mean?

Christian boys were usually taken from their families at a young age, Boys selected received high-quality education, including military training, religious instruction, and administrative skills, preparing them for service in the empire. Loyalty was crucial since they had no ties to their original families and were raised to be devoted to the state, contributed to social mobility within the empire.

What happened around 100 in cultural encounters in India and Spain?

Conquests to spread Muslim faith through Turkey gave rise of Islamic regimes that governed India. Encounters were violent and invaders smashed Hindu and Buddhist temples.

Why was Islam appealing to people (India & Spain 1200-1450)

Due to their spiritual faith

Describe the role of Sufis

Their teachings connected local populations and promoted religious tolerance, spreading Islam through an emphasis on person's spiritual connection with God

How much of Indian population was Muslim/how did Islam dominated faith spread in India

20-25%, spread slowly

Why was Vijayanagar consider the best city in the world?

Controlled almost all of India, capital had half a million people, sustained peace with Hindu-Muslim people, Muslim merchants prominate

Describe Hindu-Muslim relations in Vijayanagar

demonstrated religious tolerance, allowing for the coexistence of Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, and Christianity within its borders, with Hinduism as the state religion, relationship was peaceful

What modern-day country was called Al-Andalus by Muslims?

Spain

Describe cultural characteristics of Muslim Spain

Golden age of learning where libraries, colleges, public baths were established and literature, poetry, arts, and architecture flourished,

Describe economic characteristics of Muslim Spain

Economy flourished due to advancements in agriculture, trade, and craft production, led to a prosperous society with major cities becoming economic and cultural centers.

Explain the changes that occurred which ended the Golden Age

Rival states formed, warfare started, churches wealth seized, Muslims and Christians avoided contacted that was replaced by intolerance prejudice, and mutual suspicion

What happened in 1492 in India and Spain and how did this impact Muslims

Ferdinand and Isabella (catholic monarchs) took grandma (last Muslim stronghold), made Muslims choose between exile and conversion

How did Spain experience a religious reversal between 1200 and 1450?

Islamic dominance to Christian dominance through the Reconquistas and Christian rules were reestablished and Islam radicated

What is the Reconquista?

, a series of military campaigns by Christian kingdoms in the north that gradually reclaimed territory from the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate.

Describe the Byzantine Empire

Most sophisticated and powerful Christian empire and civilization until it entered terminal decline and disappeared, preserved many aspects of Roman law and governance, Art and architecture flourished, played a crucial role in the preservation and transmission of ancient Greek and Roman texts during the Middle Ages, trade networks established by the Byzantines facilitated cultural exchanges, fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 marked the end of the Byzantine Empire

How Roman civilization persisted in Byzantium for many countries

Roads, taxation, military structure, centralized administration, laws

Describe Wester Europe by 1200

Emerged as a dynamic, experiential and innovating civilization by 1200. Combined elements from Greco-Roman-Christian civilization

Define caesaropapism

Political-religious system where secular ruler, or emperor, holds significant power over both the state and the church. In context of the Byzantine Empire, it meant that the emperor was not only the political leader and played a crucial role in religious affairs

caesaropapism

Allowed Byzantine emperors to exert control over religious practices and maintain order within the empire by aligning religious authority with imperial rule, emperor had the authority to convene church councils and influence theological disputes, impacting the development of Christianity in Eastern Europe, this blending of power often led to tensions between secular rulers and religious authorities

Explain the relationship between rulers and god under Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Reflected glory of god, tensions grew between Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic church, leading to both mutually excommunicatting.

What was the purpose of the Crusades and how did this impact the relationship between the Eastern Orthodox Chruch and Roman Catholic Church

Crusades were organized by western European Christians after centuries of wars of expansion with primary objectives to stop expansion of Muslim states, to reclaim for Christianity the Holy Land in the Middle East, and to recapture territories that had formerly been Christian. Made tensions worse, launched by Catholic Pope against force in Islam.

Describe Kievan Rus

Kievan Rus, a medieval federation, played a pivotal role in the development of Eastern Europe

Describe Kievan Rus (types of people)

Culturally diverse region, home to East Slavic tribes, Norse settlers , and Finnic peoples. The ruling elite, including the Rurik dynasty, were of Norse origin, while the general population consisted of farmers, artisans, merchants, and warriors. Trade was central to their economy, especially along the Dnieper River.

Describe Kievan Rus (types of land)

The federation's territory spanned parts of modern-day Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. Its strategic location along major trade routes facilitated commerce between Byzantium, Scandinavia, and the Islamic Caliphates. The land featured dense forests, fertile plains, and navigable rivers, supporting agriculture and trade.

Describe Kievan Rus (gender roles)

Influenced by both pagan traditions and Christian values. Women had certain rights, like owning property, but were generally subordinate to men. Noblewomen could wield political power during regencies. Christianity introduced stricter moral codes, emphasizing obedience and modesty for women.

Describe Kievan Rus (religion)

Practiced Slavic paganism, worshiping nature deities and conducting rituals tied to the agricultural calendar. In 988, Vladimir the Great adopted Orthodox Christianity as the state religion, aligning Kievan Rus with the Byzantine Empire and introducing new religious practices, art, and architecture.

Explain the “borrowings” of Kievan Rus from the Byzantiens

Took architecture styles, Cyrillic alphabet, used religious images, monoistic tradtion (prayer and service) and political ideas

Why did the Byzantine Empire disappear?

The territory shrunk from aggression from Western European, eventually Turkic Ottoman took over

How was the European Christian world different from that of the Byzantine Empire by 1200?

Different religions - embraced Christianity, replacing political, administrative, education, and welfare functions

Why was Western Christendom on the margins of world history until around 1000?

Because of its geographic location at western end of Eurasian landmass

Why did European civilization never achieve political unity?

Historical Fragmentation due to fall of Roman Empire, Feudalism, Europe's diverse ethnic groups, languages, and social customs made it difficult to establish a shared identity, Europe's varied geography, Religious wars, such as the Crusades and the Protestant Reformation, further fragmented Europe

Describe the systems of manorialism

Less lords, and knights swore allegiance to greater lords and knights to become their vassals receiving land and plunder for military service

Difference between slaves and serfs

Serfs weren’t personal property of their masters and couldn’t be thrown off their land and could have families, slaves couldn’t

How political life after 1000 became a system of competing states that persisted?

Western Europe strengthened their authority and other states appeared with own culture and languages. Royal courts and bureaucracies established, professional admins appeared.

How did the multicentered political system shape the west?

Brought frequent wars with death, destruction, and disruption to many communities. Conflict enhanced role and states of military men leading to elite society

How did the Roman Catholic Church affect hierarchy?

Church had representation for every community in Europe

How did the Roman Catholic Church affect languages?

Latin became the official language of the Church, Church also encouraged the use of vernacular languages, Church played a key role in the development of written languages

How did the Roman Catholic Church affect land?

Largest landowners in Europe, played a central role in the feudal system, Land was often donated to the Church as a way for individuals to secure their salvation or atone for sins

What rights did wealthy merchants have in cities at this time? Why were they able to achieve these rights?

Unusual independence from political authority because of immobile kings, warriors, and churches prevailing over others.

How did Chinese cities and commerce compare to that of Europe at this time?

Chinese states were large, favored landowners, controlled merchants more than weaker, new royal authority. Europe had leeway merchants through development of capitalism and representative institutions, strengthen royal authorities

List three trends that occurred during the High Middle Ages

peasant able to loosen shackles of serfdom, wealthier, warmer brought pastoralists and farmers to herd, and population grew

Describe technological breakthroughs in agriculture at this time?

heavy wheeled plow handle dense soil, horses pull plow instead of oxen, use iron horseshoes

How did technological breakthroughs impact the enviornment?

Deforestation, overfishing, water mill, led to damaged freshwater ecosystem

How was production revolutionized at this point in history?

Devices like cranes provided power for grinding things, Whren increases agriculture expansion of productions

How did increases production shape long-distance trade?

production increased, regions began to specialize in certain goods, rise in production transformed urban centers into hubs of commerce and manufacturing, technological innovations, movement of goods across continents fostered economic integration, connecting regions like Europe, Asia, and Africa

What other civilization also experienced increases patriarchy at this time?

Song Dynasty China

What were the Crusades and how long did they last?

They were “holy wars” that lasted from 1095 to 13th century

Why would crusaders vow to fight in the Crusades?

To receive an indulgence that removed penalties for confessed sins and granted various material benefits

Why did Europeans support the Crusades?

Understood they provided security against moral enemies threatening spiritual health

What did the Crusades represent growing European capacities? how did they represent cruelty?

Growing for organization, finance, transportation, and recruitment. Cruelty - seizing Jerusalem accompanied by slaughter of Muslims and Jews

What did the more famous Crusades hope to achieve?

Control and return to Christianity, Jerusalem and holy places associated with Jusus from Islamic hold

Which other groups were targeted by Crusaders (besides Muslims)

Russia, Byzantine Empire, German, Scandinavian warriors, Christians heretics, and Jews

What were the long-term consequences of interaction with the Islamic World

Spain, Sicily, Baltic region, permanently weakened, created high demand for Asian trade due to luxury goods, more slave labor to produce sugar

How did the Crusades actually “harden” cultural barriers between people

Rift with Eastern orthodoxy and roman Catholicism worsen, Christian anti-semitism expressed

What other long-term influences came about due to the Crusades?

European empire building continued to crusade notion that “gods wills it,” Christian west and Islam collided—found occasion where images of crusades proved political popularity or ideology useful

Describe the changes taking place in Europe around 1000

Population growth, quicker commercial life, emerging towns and cities, and contact with Islam learning

In what way did the rediscovery of Greek philosophy and science affect European Christianity?

It made them seek out texts (Aristole)

Describe the ideas of Aristole

emphasized the concept of virtue ethics, introduced the idea of the "Golden Mean," advocating for moderation and balance in all aspects of life, his works on logic, particularly the development of syllogism, laid the foundation for rational argumentation and critical thinking, made significant contributions to biology, physics, and astronomy

When did the European Renaissance begin? What was the purpose of educated citizens?

1350-1500, purpose was to use them as cultural standard to intimate then surpass

List some great Renaissance artists

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

What did the Individualism of the Renaissance signal?

The dawning of a more capitalism economy of privileges entrepreneurs

How were civilizations in Mesoamerica and the Andes different from those in Africa and Eurasia?

Meso and Andes never had direct contact with each other, mountain terrane, good ecological and biodiversity

How did environmental factors shape life in Mesoamerica?

Diverse landscapes created varied environments for human habitation. Civilizations like the Maya and Aztec adapted to their environments with innovative farming techniques like chinampas and terracing, geography facilitated long-distance trade with rivers and coastal routes

What commonalities in culture did Mesoamerica share?

Pantheon of female and male deities understood cosmic cycle of creation and destruction, human sacrifice, monumental ceremonial centers.

Where did the Maya civilization develop

Region that is now Guatemala Yucatan

Describe the artistic and intellectual accomplishments of the Maya

Created substantial urban centers dominated by temples, pyramids, palaces, and plazas with murals and stone carvings.

Describe political system of the Maya

No authority, lots of warfare

Describe the developments made by the Mexica which set the stage for the Aztec Empire

Military capacities, negotiated marriage, alliances, built own capital city

What was required of people conquered by the Aztecs

Provide labor for Aztec projects, delivered impressive amounts of textile, clothing, luxury items for Aztec rulers

Chinampas

floating gardeners, artificial islands created by swamplands

What was the role of slaves in Aztec society

To be sacrifices in bloody rituals

How did the Aztecs justify human sacrifice?

Used it to replenish energy and avoid endless darkness, supply blood to nourish gods