Anatomy Midterm 2

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels where blood interacts with tissues, located between arteries and veins.

Lumen

The hollow space inside an artery.

Tunica intima

The innermost layer of an artery that touches the blood, very thin.

Endothelium

Simple squamous epithelium in arteries to prevent blood clotting.

Subendothelial layer

Loose connective tissue supporting the endothelium in arteries.

Internal elastic lamina

Elastic connective tissue in arteries that stretches with increased blood volume.

Tunica media

Thick layer of smooth muscle in arteries that can constrict or relax to change artery size.

External elastic lamina

Elastic connective tissue in arteries that stretches with increased blood volume.

Tunica externa

Loose connective tissue in arteries containing arteries, veins, and nerves.

Elastic arteries

Largest arteries, like the aorta, closest to the heart, dampen pulsatile flow.

Aortic dissection

Damage to the tunica intima leading to a false lumen and potential aneurysm.

Muscular arteries

Midsize arteries controlling blood flow to organs and limbs.

Arterioles

Smallest arteries leading into capillary beds, control blood flow.

Venules

Small vessels receiving blood from capillary beds, fragile and easily damaged.

Alveolus

Tiny sac in the lungs for gas exchange, surrounded by blood capillaries.

Surfactant

Substance reducing surface tension in the alveoli for proper lung function.

Pneumonia

Condition where fluid in the alveoli hinders gas exchange.

ARDS

Acute respiratory distress syndrome, severe form of pneumonia with high mortality.

Ventilation perfusion matching

Process controlling blood flow into lungs for optimal oxygenation.

COVID Receptors

Vessels had receptors that COVID binded to.

Endothelium Damage

Infection, inflammation, etc., leading to blood clots due to damage to the endothelium.

Microvascular Capillary Clotting

Blood clots in capillary beds leading to no blood in the capillary for O2 to bind to, causing shortness of breath and hypoxemia.

Cytokine Storm

Leads to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), possibly caused by genetics.

Antivirals for ARDS Prevention

Given to at-risk individuals to prevent ARDS with a 50/50 mortality rate.

Intrapleural Pressure

Pressure within the pleural cavity, crucial for keeping alveoli open during breathing.

Inspiration

Process of air moving into the lungs due to decreased intrapleural pressure.

Expiration

Process of air moving out of the lungs due to increased intrapleural pressure.

Accessory Muscles of Respiration

Muscles used during exercise to aid in breathing.

Pleural Effusion

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, leading to lung compression and reduced gas exchange.

Pneumothorax

Entry of atmospheric air into the pleural cavity, causing lung collapse.

Respiratory Mucosa

Specialized epithelial layer lining most airways, consisting of ciliated and goblet cells.

Rhinitis

Inflammation of the respiratory epithelium in the upper airways, leading to increased mucus production.

Nasal Cavity

Includes anterior nares, vestibule, and turbinates, responsible for adding moisture and filtering particles from inhaled air.

Olfactory Mucosa

Specialized epithelium in the nasal cavity responsible for the sense of smell.

Pharynx

Area at the back of the mouth connecting the nose, mouth, and throat, with different regions like nasopharynx and oropharynx.

Larynx

Voicebox and gateway to the trachea, containing cartilages like the epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage.

Glottis

Area where muscles pull vocal cords together to vibrate, making the opening smaller.

Cricoid Cartilage

Forms a complete ring around the lower part of the larynx, providing strong support.

Trachea

Macroscopic tube with cartilage rings and ligaments to prevent collapse, protected by the spine.

Bronchi

Airway passages branching from the trachea, leading to smaller bronchioles and alveoli.

Asthma

Rapid inflammation in the respiratory mucosa causing airway constriction and increased mucus production.

Valsalva Maneuver

Technique involving glottis closure and abdominal pressure to maintain blood flow and consciousness.

Teeth Organization

Arrangement of teeth including incisors, canines, premolars, molars, and wisdom teeth.

Salivary Glands

Glands producing saliva containing enzymes like amylase for mechanical and chemical digestion.

Taste Buds

Nerve endings on the tongue with gustatory cells and hairs for tasting different flavors.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Condition where stomach contents flow back into the esophagus, causing chronic issues.

Colonic crypt

Structures that protect goblet cells in the colon, providing lubrication for dry feces and safeguarding the colon walls.

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix, a hollow pouch that can burst if inflamed, leading to severe consequences.

Immune/Lymphatic function

The appendix contains numerous immune cells and plays a role in immune responses and lymphatic functions.

Rectal valves

Structures that slow down the passage of feces in the rectum to maintain continence.

Hepatic Portal System

A system involving the liver, hepatic vein, and hepatic portal vein for processing absorbed nutrients and blood from the intestines.

Cirrhosis

Liver condition characterized by scarring, often caused by chronic inflammation from factors like alcohol consumption or viral infections.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood, reabsorption, and secretion to maintain electrolyte balance and blood volume.

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Renal structure involved in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance, consisting of specialized cells like macula densa and granular cells.

Diabetes and kidneys

Diabetes-related complications can lead to kidney damage, affecting filtration and blood pressure regulation, potentially resulting in kidney failure.

Ureters

Tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder, facilitating the flow of urine, and composed of transitional epithelium that can stretch.