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virus replication steps
attachment
penetration
uncoating
synthesis
assembly
release
attachment
the actual binding of spike proteins on the virus to the host cell receptors.
true or false: unlike bacteria, which can generally infect tissues, viruses have specific cells that they invade
true
penetration
also known as viral entry and can occur by breaking through the membrane, endocytosis, or membrane fusion
endocytosis
may or may not be receptor-mediated
membrane fusion
results in viral proteins being incorporated into the host membrane
uncoating
which can sometimes occur simultaneously with penetration, involves the capsid breaking open and the viral genomic material being released
synthesis
sometimes known as biosynthesis or viral replication, is the actual creation of viral genomic material and viral proteins. essentially starts with one original copy and makes more
DNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (DdRP)
DNA viruses: DNA to RNA
RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRP)
RNA viruses. RNA to RNA. higher mutation rate
Reverse Transcriptase (RT)
Retro viruses. RNA back to DNA
early synthesis
involves expression of non-structural genes involved in genome replication it makes the machinery needed to replicate the genome
late synthesis
involves copying the genome and the synthesis of structural proteins
assembly
also known as maturation, consists of the viral genomic material and viral proteins being put together to make a new virus; this step can involve the assembly of hundreds or thousands of new virus particles
release
opposite of entry. can occur via budding
viral proteins
serve as an indicator of where to exit for enveloped viruses, which acquire the host membrane to become the viral envelope
lytic cycle
is the active release of new virus, often times resulting in alteration of cellular function or destruction of the cell itself
cytopathetic effects (CPE)
cause of sign and symptoms
budding
can go undetected without alerting the immune system
cellular lysis
kills cells, but alerts the immune system to fight off that virus
lysogenic cycle
cutting the genes, when the virus does not make new virus, but rather inserts its genomic material into the host chromosome, forming a provirus thereby resulting in replication of the viral