BIO 2101 all 08-28-2023

Histology

The study of the microscopic structure of tissues.

Proximal

Closer to the trunk or point of attachment of a limb.

Distal

Farther from the trunk or point of attachment of a limb.

Visceral

Referring to the internal organs.

Parietal

Referring to the body wall.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Mucous Membrane

Membranes that line body cavities that open to the exterior.

Serous Membrane

Membranes that line body cavities and cover the organs within those cavities.

Retroperitoneal

Located behind the peritoneum.

Pleura

The serous membrane surrounding the lungs.

Pericardium

The serous membrane surrounding the heart.

Peritoneum

The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity.

Eviscerate

To remove the internal organs.

Contra

Referring to the opposite side of the body.

Ipsilateral

Referring to the same side of the body.

Intermediate

Situated between two structures.

Cavity

An opening or hollow space in a structure.

Mediastinum

The space between the lungs containing the heart, trachea, esophagus, etc.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

Isotonic

A solution that has the same osmotic pressure as another solution, typically blood plasma.

Hypertonic

A solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than another, causing cell shrinkage.

Hypotonic

A solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than another, causing cells to swell.

Serial Dilution

A stepwise dilution of a substance in solution.

Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue that stores fat.

Histology

The study of the microscopic structure of tissues. Example: Examining tissue samples under a microscope to identify cancer cells.

Proximal

Closer to the trunk or point of attachment of a limb. Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Distal

Farther from the trunk or point of attachment of a limb. Example: The fingers are distal to the elbow.

Visceral

Referring to the internal organs. Example: Visceral pain is often felt in the body's organs.

Parietal

Referring to the body wall. Example: The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body. Example: The nose is medial to the cheeks.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body. Example: The ears are lateral to the head.

Mucous Membrane

Membranes that line body cavities that open to the exterior. Example: The mucous membrane in the respiratory tract helps trap pathogens.

Serous Membrane

Membranes that line body cavities and cover the organs within those cavities. Example: The serous membrane around the heart is called the pericardium.

Retroperitoneal

Located behind the peritoneum. Example: The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs.

Pleura

The serous membrane surrounding the lungs. Example: Inflammation of the pleura can cause pleurisy.

Pericardium

The serous membrane surrounding the heart. Example: The pericardium helps protect the heart from infection.

Peritoneum

The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity. Example: The peritoneum allows for free movement of abdominal organs.

Eviscerate

To remove the internal organs. Example: Evisceration may occur in traumatic injuries.

Contra

Referring to the opposite side of the body. Example: The contralateral side refers to the opposite limb.

Ipsilateral

Referring to the same side of the body. Example: Ipsilateral pain means the pain is felt on the same side as the injury.

Intermediate

Situated between two structures. Example: The intermediate cuneiform bone lies between the medial and lateral cuneiform bones.

Cavity

An opening or hollow space in a structure. Example: The cranial cavity houses the brain.

Mediastinum

The space between the lungs containing the heart, trachea, esophagus, etc. Example: The mediastinum is crucial for the passage of air and blood.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Example: Water moving into a plant cell from the soil.

Isotonic

A solution that has the same osmotic pressure as another solution, typically blood plasma. Example: Normal saline is isotonic with blood plasma.

Hypertonic

A solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than another, causing cell shrinkage. Example: Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will lose water and shrink.

Hypotonic

A solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than another, causing cells to swell. Example: Red blood cells placed in a hypotonic solution will swell and may burst.

Serial Dilution

A stepwise dilution of a substance in solution. Example: In microbiology, a serial dilution is used to quantify the concentration of bacteria.

Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue that stores fat. Example: Adipose tissue serves as an energy reserve in the body.

Visceral vs. Parietal

Visceral refers to internal organs, while parietal pertains to the body wall. Example: The visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal organs, whereas the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity.

Directional Terms Clarification

Directional terms help describe positions of structures. Example: Superior (above) means the head is superior to the neck, while inferior (below) means the stomach is inferior to the chest.

Body Cavity Structures

Body cavities house vital organs and allow movement. Example: The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs, while the abdominal cavity houses the digestive organs.

Serous Membranes Examples

Serous membranes reduce friction between organs. Example: The pleura surrounds the lungs and the pericardium surrounds the heart, providing a lubricated surface.

Visceral vs. Parietal Examples

Visceral structures include the heart (visceral pericardium), while parietal structures include the lining of the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura).

Directional Terms Clarification Examples

Examples of directional terms: Anterior (front) means the nose is anterior to the ears; posterior (back) means the vertebrae are posterior to the sternum.

Understanding Body Cavity Structures Examples

The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and heart, while the abdominal cavity contains organs like the liver and stomach.

Serous Membranes Examples

Examples of serous membranes include the pleura (surrounding the lungs) and the peritoneum (lining the abdominal cavity).