hass food security test

structure of entire food security question (1)

1. intro

2. diagram (if you can choose where to put it)

3. paragraph on each of the pillars

4. conclusion

what will be in intro of food security question

1. definition

2. “crucial in making sure everyone is healthy

3. fluctuates depending on location + population (some regions have higher percentage of people w food insecurity than others)

4. sources + statistics

5. as seen in my diagram (must say above/below/locate it), food sec has 4 dimensions

6. list dimensions

food security definition

Food security means that all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to enough safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and preferences for an active and healthy life.

statistic + source?

Sustainable Development Goals report (2023), approximately 1 in 3 people face moderate to severe food insecurity

1.8 million households have experienced food insecurity in the past year in Australia (according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics).

4 dimensions of food security?

avaliability, access, utilisation, stability.

what will be in the availability pg?

1. definition

2. “supply” side of food security

3. influenced by environmental aspects (list environmental aspect examples, and human-influenced aspect (list human aspect example)

4. example

Define availability.

Availability refers to the physical supply of food, and whether there is enough food produced, imported, or distributed to meet the needs of a population

environmental aspect of availability examples

climate, environmental shocks and availability of arable land (land that is suitable and has the right conditions to grow crops)

must define arable land

human-influenced aspects

land management regions

availability example

2024 zambia drought

what will be in the access pg?

1. definition

2. includes both physical and economic access (w examples)

3. influenced by by factors such as income, location, infrastructure, and transport

4. statistic

5. example

access definition

Access refers to whether people can actually obtain the food that is available

economic access examples

having sufficient income to afford enough food in order to live a healthy lifestyle

physical access example

such as the ability to reach food distributors

access statistic?

According to the foodbank hunger report, the high cost-of-living is the main contributor to food insecurity, as stated by 79% of food insecure households

access example?

For example, in remote Indigenous communities in Australia, food is often significantly more expensive due to high transport costs (and limited transport) and limited competition between suppliers. This restricts both the affordability and physical accessibility of nutritious food.

what will be in the utilisation pg?

1. definition

2. it involves factors such as nutrition, food safety, and preparation

3. Proper preparation of nutritious foods can lead to a healthy diet, but in contrast, if foods are not prepared properly, they can lose the majority of their nutritional value

4. heavily influenced by access to clean water, sanitation, and knowledge of nutrition

5. Without these, individuals may face food insecurity even if they have access to enough food

6. example

utilisation definition?

Utilisation refers to how food is used by the body

utilisation example?

For example, diets that are high in processed foods but low in essential nutrients can lead to poor health outcomes.

stability pg?

1. definition

2. must be maintained continuously, rather than having frequent disruptions

3. can be affected by environmental events such as droughts and floods, as well as economic or political factors like price volatility and conflict

4. example

stability definition?

Stability refers to the consistency and reliability of the other 3 pillars over time and the long-term maintenance of food security

stability example?

For example, in countries in East Africa such as Somalia or Ethiopia, conflict and climate shocks have led to millions of people facing food insecurity.

conclusion what will you say?

1. supported by my diagram, food security has 4 main pillars that affect it

2. list 4 pillars + their definitions

3. all 4 pillars must be present to maintain food security

4. as stated before, many people dont have access to food security

strucure of q2?

intro, key processes, diagram + explanation, future, burdekin, central valley, conclusion

what to say in intro

1. food production definitoin (waffle up)

2. food security definition

3. land and water degradation definition

4. significant global issue, as statistic + source

land + water degradation definition

refers to the decline in the quality of soil and water resources, often due to over-farming or pollution

statistic + source

with around 25% of the Earth’s land being degraded (according to the Jacaranda Are we devouring are future? booklet).

key processes what to say

js list the key processes and define them/;

what are key processes?

erosion, pest invasion, loss of biodiversity, desertification, and water pollution , salinity

erosion key process?

(reduces crops’ ability to hold water by removing topsoil, increasing runoff, reducing infiltration of water and damaging seedlings)

pest invasion key process?

(pests can directly destroy crops)

loss of biodiversity key process?

(biodiversity loss defined as the extinction of species worldwide, and also the local reduction or loss of species in a certain habitat)

desertification key process?

(alteration of arable land to dry, barren land due to prolonged drought or human intervention)

water pollution key process?

(Pollution from fertilisers, pesticides, sewage and industry contaminates water, which can endanger flora and fauna)

salinity key process?

(the presence and buildup of salt on the land’s surface, in soil or rocks, or dissolved in water, often due to irrigation).

what will be ur diagram?

flow chart -

Human activities

(i.e. irrigation)

↓

Land and Water degradation

(i.e. salinity,)

↓

Soil & water decline

(i.e. nutrients decrease)

↓

Agriculture impact

(i.e yields decrease)

↓

Food security

(i.e. availability decrease)

what will be the future pg?

• As soil quality declines, agricultural productivity can decrease by up to 30–35% according to the food and agriculture organisation, making it more difficult to meet the demands of a growing population.

• Water scarcity caused by activities such as extreme irrigation will also further reduce the reliability of farming, particularly during droughts.

• In some regions, land may become permanently unusable due to salinity or erosion, forcing reliance on less productive areas or food imports, increasing prices and reducing access.

burdekin river catchment pg

• …, which is located at approximately 18°S 144°E to 21°S and 148°E in North Queensland

• Agriculture very dominant, supplying around 20-25% of Australia’s sugar according to James Cook University. in addition to this, there is also beef cattle grazing, rice, and horticulture.

• Land and water degradation - gully and hillslope erosion, caused by intense rainfall on overgrazed land, and water pollution, caused by extreme irrigation

• This impacts food production mainly as erosion removes nutrient-rich topsoil, reducing crop yields like sugarcane. Water pollution also lowers water quality for irrigation, making soil less productive and ultimately affecting the crops grown on it.

central valley pg

• …, located in California at approximately 37°N 120°W to 40°N 122°W

• Central Valley produces almost 250 different crops in total, including grapes, almonds, tomatoes, apricots, and citrus.

• affected by land and water degradation as farmers over-pump groundwater, especially in drought years (i.e. 2019-2021), outpacing natural water recharge. This leads to land subsidence (when the land sinks) which can crack canals and reduce the capacity of major water delivery systems

• Decades of intensive irrigation have salinized 2 million hectares of irrigated cropland (according to an article from ScienceDirect), with salt accumulation damaging root systems of salt-sensitive crops, decreasing nutrient uptake and yields

• This affects food security as overpumping groundwater can lead to shortages of water for irrigation, making farming less reliable, especially during droughts.

• Salinity also reduces crop growth and can make the land highly unproductive, reducing the crop yield (as well as land subsidence).

cocnlsuion

• therefore see that land and water degradation severely negatively impacts food security through processes such as erosion, salinity and pollution, as supported by the case studies in Central Valley and Burdekin River Catchment.

• If not managed sustainably, land and water degradation will continue to threaten the future of food security by reducing food availability, increasing costs, and limiting the ability to produce sufficient food for a growing global population