Traumatology and Orthopedics Lecture Notes

These flashcards summarize key concepts and terms related to Traumatology and Orthopedics, providing definitions, classifications, and treatment principles essential for exam preparation.

What is the definition of traumatic illness?

A complex pathological process that develops in response to severe trauma, characterized by systemic disorders of vital functions and metabolism.

What are the main causes of traumatic illness?

Mechanical trauma, massive blood loss, pain and neurogenic shock, tissue hypoxia, and infection.

What are the clinical manifestations of traumatic illness?

General: shock, hypotension, tachycardia, fever, anemia. Local: pain, edema, hematoma, tissue destruction.

What are the treatment principles for traumatic illness?

General treatment includes anti-shock therapy, oxygen therapy, pain management, correction of acid-base balance, and antibiotics when indicated.

What is fat embolism?

A serious complication of traumatic illness caused by fat globules entering the bloodstream, usually after long bone fractures.

What are the clinical features of fat embolism?

Triad of respiratory distress, neurological symptoms, and petechial rash.

What is traumatic shock?

An acute, life-threatening condition caused by severe trauma, characterized by circulatory failure, tissue hypoxia, and metabolic disorders.

What are the classifications of traumatic shock based on severity?

I (mild) – compensated, II (moderate) – subcompensated, III (severe) – decompensated, IV (extremely severe, irreversible).

What is the role of domestic scientists in traumatology and orthopedics?

Scientists like NN Priorov, RR Vreden, and GA Ilizarov developed principles and innovations in fracture treatment and surgical techniques in Russia.

What is the prognosis for fractures classified by ARVF (Residual Blood Supply)?

High ARVF indicates good healing potential, while low ARVF indicates a higher risk of nonunion.

What is the definition of polytrauma?

Multiple severe injuries to different body systems with systemic reactions.

What are the methods of examination in traumatology and orthopedics?

Non-invasive methods include inspection, palpation, X-ray, CT, MRI, and ultrasound. Invasive methods include joint puncture, biopsy, and arthroscopy.

What are the characteristics of open fractures?

An open fracture communicates with the external environment through a wound and has a higher risk of infection.

What is the primary treatment for acute traumatic injuries?

Emergency measures include stopping bleeding, immobilization, analgesia, oxygen administration, and urgent transport to medical facilities.

What are the indications for surgical treatment of bone fractures?

Displacement, open fractures, polytrauma, and failure of conservative treatment.

What preventative measures can be taken to avoid fat embolism?

Early fracture immobilization, gentle surgical technique, and adequate anti-shock therapy.

How is traumatic osteomyelitis defined?

Purulent infection of bone following trauma or surgery, often associated with open fractures.

What are common classifications of fractures?

Fractures can be classified by cause (traumatic, pathological), skin integrity (open, closed), location, fracture line, and displacement.

What is the expected rehabilitation time for a diaphyseal fracture of the leg?

Immobilization time of 10-14 weeks followed by rehabilitation of 3-6 months.

What are the complications that can arise from bone fractures?

Complications can include fat embolism, thromboembolism, sepsis, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).

How are skeletal traction methods employed?

Skeletal traction involves pin insertion through the bone and load application via a pulley system for continuous traction.

What is the significance of the Neer classification for humeral fractures?

The Neer classification categorizes humeral fractures based on the number and type of fracture parts.

What distinguishes congenital clubfoot?

A congenital deformity characterized by equinus, varus, adduction, and cavus components.

What constitutes the management plan for osteochondrosis of the spine?

Includes conservative treatment with physical therapy and analgesics, and surgical options for severe cases.

What are the primary diagnostic tools for confirming fractures?

X-ray is the first-line imaging tool, with CT and MRI used for complex cases.

How does an open fracture differ from a closed fracture?

An open fracture has a wound that communicates with the environment, while a closed fracture does not.