AP-Psych Unit 3 vocab

Human development

The scientific study of the changes that are occur in people as they age of conception until death

Longitudinal design

Research design in which one participant or group participant is studied over a long period of time

Cross-sectional design

Research designed thats essentially a mix of both a longitudinal design and a cross sectional design

Cross-sequential design

Research Design thats essentially a mix of both longitudinal design and cross section design.

Cohort effect

The impact on development occurring when a group of people share a common time period or life experience.

Nature

The influence of our inherited characteristics of a personality, physical health, intellectual, and social interactions.

Nurture

The influence of environmental personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.

Genetics

The science of hereditary

DNA

(Deoxyribonucleic acid) special molecule that has genetic material of the organism

Gene

Section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements.

Chromosomes

Tightly wound strands of genetic material/DNA

Dominant

Gene that actively Controls the expression of a trait

Recessive

A gene only expresses that trait when paired with an identical gene.

Ovum

An egg; female sex cell

Sperm

Male sex cell

Fertilization

The union of the ovum and sperm

Zygote

Cell resulting from the unity of a sperm and a ovum

Monozygotic twins

Identical twins formed when a zygote splits into two cells, both developing unto an embryo

Dizygotic twins

When two eggs get fertilized by two separate sperm, resulting un two zygotes in the uterus

Bio ethics

The study of ethics when concerning new medicine and advances in biology

Germinal Period

First two weeks of fertilization, when they zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant into the lining

Embryo

The developing organism 2-8 weeks after fertilization

Embryonic period

2-8 weeks after fertilization, where major organs and structures develop

Critical period

Time where environmental influences can have an impact of the development of the infant.

Teratogen

A substance that can cause birth defects

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

A group of possible conditions caused by a mother consuming alcohol during her pregnancy

Fetal period

Period of tremendous growth 8 weeks after conception

Fetus

Name for developing organisms from 8 weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby

Cognitive development

The development of thinking, problem solving, and memory.

Schema

A mental concept or framework that guides organization/interpretation of information. Forms and evolves through experiences

Object permanence

When you know an objects there, even though you cant see it.

Preoperational stage

(2-7 years old) an stage of developing languages and concepts

Egocentrism

The inability to see the world throughs others eyes

Centration

When a young child focuses on one feature pf an object while ignoring other relevant features

Conservation

The ability to understand that changing the appearance doesnt change in nature.

Concrete operation stage

(7 to 12 years old) When children can converse and have reversible thinking

Irreversibility

The inability for a young child to reverse an action mentally

concrete operations stage

(7-12 years old) when children can converse and have reversible thinking

Formal operations

(12-adulthood) when the adolescent is now capable of abstract thinking.

scaffolding

When a more skilled learner helps a less skilled learner, meaning that the LSL is now a better learner due to reduced help

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

The difference between what a child can do alone versus what a child can do with the help of a teacher.

Gender

The psychological aspects of being masculine or feminine

Gender roles

The cultural expectations for male/female behavior, such as attitude, actions, and personality traits

Gender Typing

The process which people were cultural preferences and expectations for male/female behavior

Gender identity

A sense of being masculine or feminine

Gender Schema theory

Theory of gender development that combines most social learning theory and cognitive development based on schemas being male and female

Androgyny

A gender role characteristic of people whose personalities reflect characteristics of male and females, regardless or physical sex

Sexual orientation

A persons sexual attraction/ affection for members of either the opposite or same sex

Heterosexuality

Attraction to members of the opposite sex

Homosexuality

Attraction to members of the same sex

Bisexuality

Attraction to both sexes

Temperament

The behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth

Attachment

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and the primary caregiver

Self concept

A personal image of yourself and how you interact and are perceived by others

Personal fable

Type of thought common to adolescents where young people believe themselves to be unique and therefore immune to harm

Imaginary audience

In adolescence, essentially believing that everyone is constantly looking at them, and they are the center of everyones world.

Adolescence

Period of life between 13-20s, the in between of not being a young child yet not being a self supporting adult

Puberty

The physical changes in both primary and secondary sex characteristics

Identity vs role confusion

Stage of personality development where an adolescent most find a constant sense of self

Menopause

The cessation of ovulation and the menstrual cycle

Andropause

Change of sec hormones/reproductive system of males

Intimacy

An emotional and psychological closeness based on the ability to trust, share, and care

Generativity

Providing guidance to ones children for the next generation/supporting the next generation

Permissive parenting

When parents put very few limitations or demands on their child’s behavior

Permissive neglectful

Parents arent included in a childs life, until it interferes with the parent

Permissive indulgent

When a parent is so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits

Authoritative parenting

Style of parenting when a parent combines warmth and affection with firm limits on a child’s behavior

Ego Integrity

Sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life, processing the ability to let go of regrets; Final completion of the ego.