Cillia
small, hairlike projections
Apnea
absence of breathing
erythrocytes
red blood cells
Aging effects on the resp system
decreased cough reflex
inhibited lung expansion
mm are not as moist
loss of normal lung recoil
hypoxemia
Low oxygen in the blood
hypercapnia
high amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
Restrictive lung diseases
Decreased lung capacity
arthritis causing stiffness of chest wall
scoliosis decreases lung capacity
Obstructive lung diseases
Problems moving air in and out
Asthma
emphysema
chronic bronchitis
COPD
Thoracentesis
Removal of pleural fluid via needle into the chest wall and pleural space
Normal peak flow meter reading
300-700
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
Aphonia
Hoarseness and loss of voice
if lasting more than 2 weeks could be throat cancer
What does clubbing of the fingers indicate?
lung or heart disease
Stridor
Croaking sound on auscultation
obstruction in airways
Helping a patient with dyspnea
admin oxygen
reassure the patient
pursed lip breathing
high fowler's position
Hypoxia
low levels of oxygen in the tissues
Respiratory failure is defined as
Arterial blood gas arterial oxygen below 50 partial pressure of carbon dioxide above 50
When a patient is receiving mechanical ventilation, __ needs increase
Caloric
How much fluid should a patient drink to reduce/thin secretions
3000 mL
A person with a cold is contagious for about __ days after onset of symptoms
3 days
Epistaxis
nosebleed
Treatment of epistaxis (nosebleed)
Have patient sit forward and apply direct pressure pinching the nose just below the bone for 10-15 min
Cold compress can also help
Pharyngitis
sore throat/ inflammation of the pharynx
What if the patient post nose surgery is swallowing and clearing the throat often?
Could indicate bleeding
Obstructive sleep apnea
Disorder where the patient stops breathing several times during sleep
usually the tongue blocking the airway
CPAP machine used at night to treat
Tracheostomy
Surgical incision made for insertion of breathing tube
What kind of method is used to suction the trach tube?
Sterile
auscultate lungs before and after
Pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs
viral less severe than bacterial
people 65 and older can get vaccine
HOB at __ degrees to prevent aspiration
30-40
Atelectasis
-Collapse of alveoli in lungs
reversible
diminished breath sounds
Tuberculosis (TB)
lesions on lung tissue
spread airborne
dx by skin test (if bigger than 5mm = positive)
can be inactive or active in the body
treatment for tuberculosis (tB)
At least four drugs for a long period of time (around 6-9 months)
negative pressure isolation room
Pleurisy
-Inflammation of the pleura
sharp and abrupt pain
have patient lie on affected side and splint when coughing
Pleural effusion
Fluid in the pleural space
thoracentesis usually performed to remove fluid
Empyema
fluid within the pleural space becomes infected
thick and purulent
chest tube tx
Cystic fibrosis
Too much mucus being produced by lungs
impairs lung and ciliary function
no cure
COPD
A condition that describes two diseases
emphysema
chronic bronchitis tx by bronchodilators and anti inflammatory agents
cautiously use oxygen due to dependence
Cor pulmonale
Enlargement of the right side of the heart caused by pulmonary htn
Emphysema
inflated alveolar spaces -air is hard to exhale but easy to inhale
Chronic bronchitis
too much mucus that lowers ciliary function
inflamed bronchi
What is the primary cause of lung cancer
Smoking (90%)
Pulmonary htn
caused by too much pressure in pulmonary artery
Pneumothorax
collapsed lung
Hemothorax
presence of blood in the pleural cavity
Pulmonary edema
Collection of fluid in spaces of the lung
left sided HF common cause
If a chest tube container is bubbling this could indicate
An air leak
When is humidification needed for oxygen admin?
Above 4L
What oxygen delivery has the strongest oxygen concentration
Non Rebreather mask