Respiratory (test 3)

Part of final review

Cillia

small, hairlike projections

Apnea

absence of breathing

erythrocytes

red blood cells

Aging effects on the resp system

- decreased cough reflex
- inhibited lung expansion
- mm are not as moist
- loss of normal lung recoil

hypoxemia

Low oxygen in the blood

hypercapnia

high amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood

Restrictive lung diseases

Decreased lung capacity
- arthritis causing stiffness of chest wall
- scoliosis decreases lung capacity

Obstructive lung diseases

Problems moving air in and out
- Asthma
- emphysema
- chronic bronchitis
- COPD

Thoracentesis

Removal of pleural fluid via needle into the chest wall and pleural space

Normal peak flow meter reading

300-700

dyspnea

difficulty breathing

Aphonia

Hoarseness and loss of voice
- if lasting more than 2 weeks could be throat cancer

What does clubbing of the fingers indicate?

- lung or heart disease

Stridor

Croaking sound on auscultation
- obstruction in airways

Helping a patient with dyspnea

- admin oxygen
- reassure the patient
- pursed lip breathing
- high fowler's position

Hypoxia

low levels of oxygen in the tissues

Respiratory failure is defined as

Arterial blood gas
arterial oxygen below 50
partial pressure of carbon dioxide above 50

When a patient is receiving mechanical ventilation, __ needs increase

Caloric

How much fluid should a patient drink to reduce/thin secretions

3000 mL

A person with a cold is contagious for about __ days after onset of symptoms

3 days

Epistaxis

nosebleed

Treatment of epistaxis (nosebleed)

- Have patient sit forward and apply direct pressure pinching the nose just below the bone for 10-15 min
- Cold compress can also help

Pharyngitis

sore throat/ inflammation of the pharynx

What if the patient post nose surgery is swallowing and clearing the throat often?

Could indicate bleeding

Obstructive sleep apnea

Disorder where the patient stops breathing several times during sleep
- usually the tongue blocking the airway
- CPAP machine used at night to treat

Tracheostomy

Surgical incision made for insertion of breathing tube

What kind of method is used to suction the trach tube?

Sterile
- auscultate lungs before and after

Pneumonia

- inflammation of the lungs
- viral less severe than bacterial
- people 65 and older can get vaccine

HOB at __ degrees to prevent aspiration

30-40

Atelectasis

-Collapse of alveoli in lungs
- reversible
- diminished breath sounds

Tuberculosis (TB)

- lesions on lung tissue
- spread airborne
- dx by skin test (if bigger than 5mm = positive)
- can be inactive or active in the body

treatment for tuberculosis (tB)

- At least four drugs for a long period of time (around 6-9 months)
- negative pressure isolation room

Pleurisy

-Inflammation of the pleura
- sharp and abrupt pain
- have patient lie on affected side and splint when coughing

Pleural effusion

Fluid in the pleural space
- thoracentesis usually performed to remove fluid

Empyema

fluid within the pleural space becomes infected
- thick and purulent
- chest tube tx

Cystic fibrosis

- Too much mucus being produced by lungs
- impairs lung and ciliary function
- no cure

COPD

A condition that describes two diseases
- emphysema
- chronic bronchitis
tx by bronchodilators and anti inflammatory agents
- cautiously use oxygen due to dependence

Cor pulmonale

Enlargement of the right side of the heart caused by pulmonary htn

Emphysema

- inflated alveolar spaces
-air is hard to exhale but easy to inhale

Chronic bronchitis

- too much mucus that lowers ciliary function
- inflamed bronchi

What is the primary cause of lung cancer

Smoking (90%)

Pulmonary htn

caused by too much pressure in pulmonary artery

Pneumothorax

collapsed lung

Hemothorax

presence of blood in the pleural cavity

Pulmonary edema

Collection of fluid in spaces of the lung
- left sided HF common cause

If a chest tube container is bubbling this could indicate

An air leak

When is humidification needed for oxygen admin?

Above 4L

What oxygen delivery has the strongest oxygen concentration

Non Rebreather mask