Detailed A&P Final Review 2nd Sem

How does the sense of smell work?

Olfactory receptors are stimulated and nerve impulses travel through olfactory nerves all the way to limbic system (for emotion) and olfactory cortex (for interpretation)

How does the sense of taste work?

Sensory impulses from taste receptors travel along cranial nerves to medulla oblongata to thalamus to the gustatory cortex (for interpretation)

What is the name of red blood cells?

Erythrocytes

What is the name of white blood cells?

Leukocytes

What is the name of platelets?

Thrombocytes

What makes blood red?

Iron

What carries oxygen in the blood?

Hemoglobin

What is hemoglobin called with oxygen?

Oxyhemoglobin

What is hemoglobin without oxygen?

Deoxyhemoglobin

What is the deficiency in hemoglobin or RBC called?

Anemia

What are the 5 leukocytes?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basoophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

What are the neutrophils function?

First to arrive at infections, phagocytic, elevated in bacterial infections; 54%-62%

What are the eosinophils function?

Defend against parasitic worms infestation; 1%-3%

What are the basophils function?

Release histamine and heparin; less that 1%

What are the monocytes function?

Leave bloodstream to become macrophages; 3%-9%

What are the lymphocytes function?

Important to immunity and produce antibodies; 25%-33%

What are the 3 proteins in blood?

Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

What is the function of albumin?

Keep water in blood

What is the function of globulin?

Transporters in blood

What is the function of fibrinogen?

Blood clotting

What is an embolism?

A dislodged or moving blood clot

What is a thrombosis?

Blood clot abnormally forms in a vessel

What is a myocardial infarction?

AKA heart attack; caused by either a coronary thrombosis or coronary embolism

What is a stroke?

A cerebral thrombosis or cerebral embolism

What is a pulmonary embolism?

Blood clot in lungs

What is agglutination?

Clumping or clotting of RBCs when testing for compatibility

What are antigens?

Cell surface markers, ID tags

What are antibodies?

Look for antigens that are NOT suppose to be there (inspect)

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

When an Rh- mom has an Rh+ child and the antibodies attack and destroys the babies RBCs, which leads to the baby dying

What are the antigens and antibodies in Type A blood?

Antigen - Only A

Antibodies - Anti-B

What are the antigens and antibodies in Type B blood?

Antigen - Only B

Antibodies - Anti-A

What are the antigens and antibodies in Type AB blood?

Antigen - Both A and B

Antibodies - None

What are the antigens and antibodies in Type O blood?

Antigen - Neither A nor B

Antibodies - Anti-A and Anti-B

What blood can Type A receive?

Type A or O

What blood can Type B receive?

Type B or O

What blood can Type AB receive?

All types (Type A, B, or O)

What blood can Type O receive?

Only Type O

How many lobes does each lung have?

Left - 2

Right - 3

What is the main breathing muscle?

Diaphragm

What is coughing?

Remove or clean substance from lower respiratory tract

What is a sneeze?

Clear upper respiratory tract

What is a hiccup?

Sudden inspiration due to spasmodic contraction of diaphragm while glottis is closed

What is yawning?

Causes deep breath to provide more oxygen to lungs

What is ventilation?

Breathing; air moving in and out of lungs

What is internal respiration?

Exchange of gas between blood and body cells

What is external respiration?

Exchange of gas between air in lungs and blood

What is cellular respiration?

The processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen

What are the main organs of the respiratory system?

Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

How does the change in volume and pressure get air in and out of lungs?

As volume increases, pressure decreases

As volume decrease, pressure increases

Why does oxygen and carbon dioxide move from the blood to the air and vice versa?

Because of the high to low pressure

What are the main anatomical structures of the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters bladder, and urethra

What does retroperitoneal mean?

Behind the peritoneal cavity, not in abdominal cavity

What percent of cardiac output goes to the kidneys?

20%

What chemical does the kidneys release to control blood pressure?

Renin

What is the waste produce produced by the kidneys?

Urine

What is glomerular filtrate?

Fluid that is filtered out of the blood

What happens to most of the glomerular filtrate?

It gets reabsorbed

What part of the nephron does most of the reabsorption?

Proximal convulated tubule

What is the angiotensin system?

It is the second control system

What do ACE inhibitors do?

They prevent from angiotensin II being made, which narrows blood vessels

Should you have sugar or protein in your urine?

No

What does it mean if you have sugar in your urine?

You are a type 1 diabetic

What does it mean if you have protein in your urine?

Your kidneys have serious damage

What produces uric acid?

The metabolism of organic bases

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A part of the distal convoluted tubule that secretes renin

What is the difference between static and dynamic equilibrium?

Static - when the head and body are still

Dynamic - when the head and body are moving

What is the function of dynamic equilibrium?

Maintain balance

What is the function of static equilibrium?

Maintains the balance of the head

What structures help with equilibrium?

The vestibules, canals, and ampulla

What does the pupil constrict?

To reduce the amount of light that comes in

What does the pupil dilate?

To allow more light to come in

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

Outer tunic, Middle tunic, and Inner tunic

What is the function of the outer tunic?

Covers pupil and iris

What is the function of the middle tunic?

Allows light to focus on the retina

What is the function of the inner tunic?

Convert light into an image so we see it

How is light focused on the retina?

The cornea and lens bend the light so it focuses on the retina

What is the difference between rods and cones?

Rods - more sensitive, see in dim light, black and white vision

Cones - sharp images, detects color

What are the bones in the ear?

Malleus(hammer), incus(anvil), stapes(stirrup)

What is the function of the malleus?

Causes vibrations made by sound waves in the inner ear

What is the function of the incus?

Move vibrations from malleus to stapes

What is the function of the stapes?

Vibrations fluid in the ear which stimulates receptors for sound

What is the cochlea?

Snail shaped tube in the inner ear that interprets sound

What is the function of the cochlea?

Allows you to hear

What are the major organs of the alimentary canal?

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

Pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and salivary glands

Where does protein digestion begin?

In the stomach

Where is protein absorbed at?

Small intestine

Where does carbohydrates digestion begin?

In the mouth

Where are carbohydrates absorbed at?

Small intestine

Where does lipid digestion being?

In the small intestine

Where are lipids absorbed at?

Small intestine

What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal?

Mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, and serosa

What is the function of the mucosa layer?

For secretion and absorption

What is the function of the submucosa?

Nourishment and absorption

What is the function of the muscular layer?

Provides movement of the tube

What is the function of the serosa layer?

Protects glands and allows for internal organs to glide past each other

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, and right ventricle

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

Tricuspid (right atriovascular valve)

Pulmonary valve

Bicuspid (mitral or left atriovascular valve)

Aortic valve

What is a cardiac cycle? (detail)

Atria contracts - ventricle relaxes

Ventricle contracts - atria relaxes

Both relax for a brief interval

What is the path of blood flow starting at the body?

1. Superior or inferior vena cava
2. Right atrium
3. Tricuspid valve
4. Right ventricle
5. Pulmonary valve
6. Pulmonary arteries
7. Lungs
8. Pulmonary veins
9. Left atrium
10. Bicuspid/Mitral valve
11. Left ventricle
12. Aortic valve
13. Aorta
14. Back to the body