Cadence, non-chord tone, and suspension rules

Perfect authentic cadence

Progression of V to I where the root must be sung by the highest part.

Imperfect authentic cadence

When it should be perfect, but either…

-the highest part is not assigned the root

-a vii^o chord replace the V chord

-the chords are not in root position

Half cadence

Second chord of the cadence is V.

Plagal cadence

IV to V or iv to v.

Deceptive cadence

The first chord is V and the second chord is not I. Commonly moves to vi(maj)/VI(min).

Passing tone “PT”

Fills the gap between two chord tones

Approached and departed by step

Movement stays in the same direction (either ascending or descending)

Neighboring tone “NT”

Departs from a pitch by step, the returns to the same pitch.

Escape tone “ET”

Approached by a step, left by a leap (often in the opposite direction).

Appoggiatura “APP”

Approached by a leap, left by a step (often in the opposite direction).

Retardation

Suspension figure that resolves upward

Anticipation

Non-chord tone that anticipates a pitch from the next chord. Approached by step and left by repeating the same note. Unaccented - placed on weak beats.

Changing tones

Two successive non-chord tones. The first leads by step from a chord tone, skips to a non-chord tone, then leads by step to a chord tone.