Biology H Unit 7 Meiosis Blockout Review
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Last updated 2:57 PM on 11/23/24
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31 Terms
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Gamete
A haploid cell (e.g., sperm or egg) involved in sexual reproduction that combines with another gamete during fertilization.
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Somatic Cell
Any body cell that is not a gamete; these cells are diploid and undergo mitosis.
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Autosome
A non-sex chromosome; humans have 22 pairs of autosomes.
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Sex Chromosome
A chromosome involved in determining the sex of an organism (e.g., X and Y chromosomes in humans).
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Haploid
A cell with half the normal number of chromosomes (n); found in gametes.
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Diploid
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n); one set inherited from each parent.
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Tetrad
A structure formed during Prophase I of meiosis when homologous chromosomes pair up, consisting of four chromatids.
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Centromere
The region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are attached and where spindle fibers attach during cell division.
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Sister Chromatids
Two identical copies of a single chromosome connected by a centromere; they separate during Anaphase II of meiosis.
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Homologous Chromosomes
Pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent) with the same genes but possibly different alleles.
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Gametogenesis
The process by which gametes (sperm or egg cells) are produced through meiosis.
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Polar Bodies
Small, non-functional cells produced during female meiosis; they eventually degenerate.
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Centriole
A structure in animal cells that helps organize spindle fibers during cell division.
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Germ Cell
A specialized cell that undergoes meiosis to produce gametes.
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Fertilization
The process in which a sperm and egg cell combine to form a diploid zygote.
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Zygote
A fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a sperm and egg; it is diploid.
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Random Assortment
The random distribution of homologous chromosome pairs during Metaphase I, contributing to genetic diversity.
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Prophase I
The first stage of meiosis where chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair up, and crossing over occurs.
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Crossing Over (Stage)
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I, increasing genetic diversity.
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Metaphase I
The stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
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Anaphase I
The stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
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Telophase I
The stage of meiosis where the cell divides into two haploid cells after homologous chromosomes separate.
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Prophase II
The first phase of meiosis II where spindle fibers form, and chromosomes begin to move toward the center of the cell.
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Metaphase II
The stage of meiosis II where individual chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
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Anaphase II
The stage of meiosis II where sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
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Telophase II
The final stage of meiosis II where the cell divides, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.
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Result of Meiosis
Four genetically diverse haploid cells (gametes).
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Result of Mitosis
Two genetically identical diploid cells.
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Chromosome Number in Humans
46 (diploid; 23 pairs of chromosomes).
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n
Represents the haploid number of chromosomes in a cell.
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2n
Represents the diploid number of chromosomes in a cell.
