bootcamp bio ch 3 - cellular energy

1st law of thermodynamics

1. energy cannot be created or destroyed

2. only transformed from 1 form to another

   1. ex - plants with photosynthesis

2nd law of thermodynamics

2. entropy (disorder) of universe is always increasing

   1. combined change in energy (system + surroundings) must be positive

3rd law of thermodynamics

3. entropy of substance at absolute zero = 0

   1. no movement = no entropy

3 laws of thermodynamics

1. energy cannot be created or destroyed; just transformed from 1 form to another

2. entropy of universe is always increasing; combined change in entropy (system + surroundings) must be positive

3. entropy of substance at absolute zero is 0

metabolism definition

• all metabolic pathways occurring in organism

catabolic metabolism

• large molecules are broken down into smaller ones

• increase entropy

• energy is released

ex of catabolic metabolism process

• hydrolysis

catabolic metabolism _ entropy and _ energy

• increases entropy

• releases energy

anabolic metabolism

• small molecules are assembled into large ones

• decrease entropy

• requires energy

ex of catabolic metabolism process

• hydrolysis

anabolic metabolism _ energy and _ entropy

• requires energy

• decreases entropy

mitochondria are _ and produce _ via what process

• organelles

• atp

• cellular respiration

mitochondria components

1. mitochondrial matrix

2. double membrane (inner and outer)

3. cristae

4. intermembrane space

atp stands for

adenine triphosphate

RNA nucleoside triphosphate/atp components:

1. ribose sugar

2. adenine nitrogenous base

3. 3 phosphate groups

atp is known as the _ _ _of the cell

• cellular energy currency

how does adp form from atp

• bonds between phosphate groups release energy upon breaking

  • hydrolysis = catabolic rxn

reaction coupling

pair endergonic (energy requiring) with exergonic (energy releasing) rxn

which is favorable

exergonic rxns

which is unfavorable

endergonic

exergonic rxn example

ATP → ADP (hydrolysis)

reaction coupling produces _ gibbs free energy

• net negative

net negative gibbs free energy means the rxn is _

spontaneous and can occur

aerobic cellular respiration _ oxygen

• requires

4 processes that occur in aerobic cellular respiration

1. glycolysis

2. pyruvate decarboxylation

3. krebs/citric/tca cycle

4. oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis occurs where

cytosol

for eukaryotes, pyruvate decarboxylation occurs where

mitochondrial matrix

for prokaryotes, pyruvate decarboxylation occurs where

cytosol bc prokaryotes don’t have membrane bound organelles (mitochondria)

for eukaryotes, krebs/citric acid/tca cycle occurs where

mitochondrial matrix

for prokaryotes, krebs/citric acid/tca cycle occurs where

cytosol

for eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs where

inner mitochondrial membrane

for prokaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs where

cell membrane

glycolysis overall rxn formula

glucose → 2atp + 2nadh + 2pyruvate

glycolysis _ require oxygen

does not

glycolysis can be used in anaerobic or aerobic respiration or both

both

substrate level phosphorylation

atp produced by transferring phosphate group to adp from phosphorylated compound

2 phases of glycolysis

1. energy investment

2. energy payoff

1st step of glycolysis is when _ enzyme uses _ atp to phosphorylate _ into _

hexokinase

1

glucose

glucose-6-phosphate

2nd step of glycolysis is when _ enzyme modifies _ into _

isomerase

glucose-6-phosphate

fructose-6-phosphate

3rd step of glycolysis is when _ enzyme uses _ atp to phosphorylate _ into _

phosphofructokinase (pfk)

2nd

fructose-6-phosphate

fructose-1,6-biphosphate

which step of glycolysis is the regulatory step/regulates rate of glycolysis

3rd step - pfk phosphorylating fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1,6-biphosphate

4th step of glycolysis is when _ splits into _ _

fructose-1,6-biphosphate

2 g3p

what enters payoff phase

2 g3p

what is primary regulatory enzyme of glycolysis

pfk

5th step of glycolysis is when _ undergoes redox rxns to produce _ through _ phosphorylation and produces _ and _

2 g3p

4 atp

substrate level

2 pyruvate

2 nadh

in the 5th step of glycolysis - what becomes oxidized and what becomes reduced

nad+ becomes reduced to become nadh

g3p becomes oxidized to become pyruvate

net atp produced from glycolysis

2 atp

how many carbons is glucose

6

how many carbons is pyruvate

3

3 enzymes used in glycolysis

hexokinase

isomerase

pfk

product intermediates in glycolysis

glucose-6-phosphate

fructose-6-phosphate

fructose-1,6-biphosphate

2 g3p

next process after glycolysis

pyruvate decarboxylation

pyruvate decarboxylation _ require atp

does not directly

pyruvate decarboxylation other names

pyruvate oxidation

pyruvate manipulations

overall pyruvate decarboxylation formula

2 pyruvate → 2co2 + 2nadh + 2acetylCoA

pyruvate decarboxylation is carried out by _ enzyme in _

pyruvate dehydrogenase

mitochondrial matrix

what enzyme is involved in pyruvate decarboxylation

pyruvate dehydrogenase

first step of pyruv decarbox is _ process: where _ carbon _ becomes _ carbon _ molecule

decarboxylation

3, pyruvate

2

second step of pyruv decarbox is where _ carbon molecule becomes _ by _ to form _ and _

2

oxidized

NAD+

acetyl

NADH

in 2nd step of pyruv decarbox - what becomes oxidized and what becomes reduced

nad+ reduces to nadh

2 carbon molecules oxidizes to acetyl

in 1st step of pyruv decarbox - when 3 carbon pyruvate becomes decarboxylated to produce 2 carbon molecule - what gets released as byproduct

co2

3rd step of pyruv decarbox is when _ binds _ to form _

CoA binds to acetyl

forms acetylCoA

krebs cycle other names

citric acid cycle

tca cycle

krebs cycle overall formula for each glucose

2acetylCoA → 4co2 + 6nadh + 2fadh2 + 2atp

each turn of krebs cycle produces

2co2 + 3nadh + 1fadh2 + 1atp

step 1 of krebs cycle is when _ joins _ to form _

acetyl CoA

oxaloacetate

citrate

acetyl CoA is * carbons, oxaloacetate is * carbons, citrate is _ carbons

2

4

6

step 2 of citric acid cycle is when _ undergoes rearrangements such as _ and _ to produce _ _ and _ _

citrate

decarboxylation

redox

2co2

2nadh

step 2 of tca cycle occurs _ times which is why there’s _ co2 and _ nadh

2

2

2

how many carbons is citrate after step 2

4

step 3 of krebs cycle is when resulting _ carbon molecule produces _ through _ phosphorylation

4

1 atp

substrate level

step 4 of citric acid cycle is when _ are transferred to _ to reduce it to _

electrons

fad

1 fadh2

step 5 of tca cycle is when _ becomes _ by undergoing _; _ carbon molecules gets converted back to _

nad+

nadh

reduction

4

oxaloacetate

what gets regenerated during citric acid cycle

oxaloacetate

what step happens after citric acid cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

what step of aerobic cellular respiration generates most of the atp used

oxidative phosphorylation

how many protein complexes in oxidative phosphorylation

4

in oxidative phosphorylation, _ protein complexes move _ through _

4

electrons

etc

by moving electrons through etc in oxidative phosphorylation - what gets pumped from where to where

h+ protons

mitochondrial matrix into intermembrane space

pumping h+ protons from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space creates _ during oxidative phosphorylation

electrochemical gradient

second step of oxidative phosphorylation is when _ which is a type of _ protein allows _ to flow _ their _ gradient

atp synthase

channel

protons

down

electrochemical

when protons flow _ their electrochemical gradient this provides _ for conversion of _ to _

down

energy

adp to atp

in protein complex 1 of oxidative phosphorylation - what gets oxidized

nadh to nad+

in protein complex 2 of oxidative phosphorylation what gets oxidized

fadh2 to fad+

which protein complex in oxidative phosphorylation does not pump protons

protein complex 2

_ flow to which protein complex in oxidative phosphorylation

electrons

protein complex 4

what part of mitochondria has a high concentration of h+ protons during oxidative phosphorylation causing it to have _ pH and to be _

intermembrane space

low

acidic

_ is a _ protein in oxidative phosphorylation

atp synthase

channel

what is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation

o2

what is formed as a byproduct when o2 binds to electrons and hydrogen protons

h2o

formula for oxidative phosphorylation

electron carriers (nadh + fadh2) + o2 → atp + h2o

electron transport chain main goals

regenerate carriers

set up electrochemical gradients

chemiosmosis

uses gradient set up by etc to power atp production

what is the final electron acceptor for aerobic cellular respiration

o2

in oxidative phosphorylation the final electron acceptor _ gets _ to form _

o2

reduced

water

does nadh or fadh2 generate more proton pumping in oxidative phosphorylation

nadh

the proton electrochemical gradient set up by etc is also known as what in oxidative phosphorylation

proton motive force

adp turning into atp is known as _ reaction that is _

condensation

endergonic (requires energy and nonspontaneous)

positive delta G

_ respiration is _

aerobic

exergonic

negative delta G

nadh produces _ atp

3 but produces less from glycolysis