Crusades Lecture Notes Flashcards

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards based on lecture notes about the Crusades.

During the First Crusade, participants described their campaigns as or .

pilgrimage or expedition

In the early 12th century, those who vowed to join the campaign were referred to as , or 'signed with the cross'.

crucesignatus

The term 'crusade' comes from the and , both derived from Medieval Latin meaning 'marked with a cross'.

French croisade and Spanish cruzada

In 1100, Europe was a patchwork of .

kingdoms

Feudalism involved the who were dukes, barons, or lords.

king granted land to his vassals

In 1054, Church leaders in and excommunicated each other, leading to the Great Schism.

Rome and Constantinople

The Reconquista referred to .

recapturing territory in the Iberian Peninsula from Muslims

defeated a Moorish army at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 or 733.

Charles Martel

, the Byzantine emperor, sent a cry for help to the Catholic Pope.

Alexios I of Komnenus

The loss of Anatolia was a heavy blow to Byzantium economically due to and politically due to .

agriculture and military

Pope Urbanus II declared , meaning 'God wants it'.

Deus vult

Pope Urbanus II called for an 'armed pilgrimage' at the in 1095.

Council of Clermont

Christian fighters called their Muslim opponents .

Saracens

The People's Crusade was led by figures such as .

Peter the Hermit

On their way, the People's Crusade attacked Jews in places like , leading to pogroms.

Germany

The First Crusade was successful for the Christians, resulting in the conquest of in 1099.

Jerusalem

The classic image of a is historically inaccurate.

white knight with a red cross

After the walls of Jerusalem were breached, the Muslims fled to the on the Temple Mount.

Dome of the Rock

The were a military order established to protect pilgrims.

Knights Templar

The Second Crusade failed largely due to , who recaptured Jerusalem.

Saladin

The Third Crusade was led by , , and .

Richard Lionheart (England), Philip II (France) and Frederick Barbarossa (The Holy Roman Emperor)

Instead of seizing Jerusalem, the Fourth Crusade led to the plunder of .

Constantinople

During the Fifth Crusade, Crusaders tried to conquer , believing it was the key to controlling the Holy Land.

Egypt

The Sixth Crusade was led by Emperor , who used diplomacy instead of fighting.

Frederick II

The Seventh and Eighth Crusades were led by King of France.

Louis IX

The Ninth Crusade was led by .

Prince Edward (later Edward I of England)

The Crusades brought new ideas, goods, and knowledge to Europe, helping to spark the .

Renaissance

A major negative consequence of the Crusades was increased between Christians and Muslims.

religious hatred

The Crusades weakened the and contributed to its eventual fall.

Byzantine Empire

The Crusades spanned from 1095 to 1291, when Christians from Europe launched .

military expeditions to the Holy Land

The formal split between the Western Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church was .

The Great Schism of 1054

The direct cause (=trigger) of the Crusades was to help protect his empire and his Christians.

Alexios I asked the help of the Catholic Pope Urbanus II