the smallest unit of a substance that maintanes the properties of that substance
2
New cards
element
a substance that is made entirely of one type of atom
3
New cards
molecule
a group of atoms held together by attractive forces called chemical bonds
4
New cards
a compound
a molecule that contains at least two different elements
5
New cards
cell
the smallest functional and structural unit of all living things
6
New cards
organelle
_______ have special functions that keep the cells working properly
7
New cards
eukaryotic cell
cells with a nucleus
8
New cards
prokaryotic cell
cells that dont have a nucleus surrounding their genetic material
9
New cards
cell membrane
surrounds the cell
10
New cards
cytoplasm
the gel-like liquid inside the cell
11
New cards
mitochondria
in eukaryotic cells, cellular respiration occurs in these organelles
12
New cards
DNA
genetic material in the form of a long molecule
13
New cards
cell theory
1) all organisms are made of cells
2) cells come from existing cells
3) the cell is the basic unit of life
4) cells take in and use energy for life
14
New cards
organic compounds
a chemical compound that contains carbon atoms
15
New cards
4 types of organic molecules
1) proteins-contain amino acids
2) carbohydrates- made of C-H-O carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
3) lipids- long branching chains of hydrogen and carbon
4) nucleic acids- DNA and RNA made of nucleotides
16
New cards
cytoskeleton
________ is throughout the cytoplam of eukaryotic cells
17
New cards
genetic material
Any material of plant, animal, microbial or other origin that carries genetic information and that passes it from one generation to the next
18
New cards
cellular respiration
in ________, cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
19
New cards
ribsosomes
the organelle that makes proteins by putting together chains of amino acids using instructions encoded in the cell’s DNA
20
New cards
plant cells- eukaryotic cell
1) cell wall
2) vacuole
3) chloroplasts
21
New cards
animals- eukaryotic cell
1) lysosome
22
New cards
organism
a living thing that can carry out life processes by itself
23
New cards
unicellular organism- not specialized for any one function, need fewer resources and can live in harsh conditions. If one cell dies it is dead.
made up of just one cell that performs all of life functions
24
New cards
multicellular organism- has specialized cells which are organized at levels: cells to tissues to organs to organ systems
made up of more than one cell
25
New cards
organs
a structure made up of a collection of two or more tissues that carries out a specialized function
26
New cards
structure
the arrangement of parts in an organism or an object
27
New cards
function
the structure of a cell, tissue, or organ
28
New cards
homeostasis
maintaining a stable balance in the body
29
New cards
a unicellular organism
exchanges materials directly with its environment. The cell membrane helps to regulate materials and maintain homeostasis
30
New cards
cells in multicellular organisms……
must work together to maintain homeostasis for the entire organism. Systems transport materials to cells from other places in the organisms
31
New cards
mitosis
when equal numbers of chromosomes are sperated, and the nucleus splits to from two identical nuclei
32
New cards
passive transport
the movement of particles across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
33
New cards
diffusion
the movement of molecules from high concentrations to low concentrations
34
New cards
osmosis
the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane
35
New cards
active transport
the movement of particles against a concentration gradient and requires the cell to use energy
36
New cards
producers
some living things, such as plants and many single-celled organisms
37
New cards
consumers
many living things, such as people and other animals
38
New cards
decomposers
a special group of consumers is made up of…..
39
New cards
photosynthesis, only plants: what is needed and what comes out of it
plants use energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make sugars
40
New cards
chloroplasts
photosynthesis takes place in organelles called _______
41
New cards
chlorophyll
chloroplasts contain a green pigment called ______
42
New cards
cellular respiration, both plants and animlas. what is needed and what comes out
the process of breaking down food to produce ATP
43
New cards
stimulus
anything that causes a reaction or change in an organism
44
New cards
response
an organisms reaction to a stimulus
45
New cards
behavior
a set of actions taken by an organism in response to a stimulus
46
New cards
hormone
a chemical signal produced in one part of an organism that affects cell activity in another part of the organism
47
New cards
taxis
the movement of organisms toward or away from an external stimulus
48
New cards
tropism
the movement of a plant in response to an external stimulus, such as light or gravity
49
New cards
migration
animals that live in enviornments where it is difficult to survive year-round will move to enviornments where conditions are more favorable for survival
50
New cards
hiberantion
a deep sleep during which an animal slows down its body processes to save energy
51
New cards
species
a group of organisms that can reproduce only with one another and not with other organisms
52
New cards
population
a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same place at the same time
53
New cards
variation
the differences that occur in individuals within a species
54
New cards
artificial selection
the practice by which humans breed specific plants or animals for deisred traits
55
New cards
natural selection
the process by which organisms that inherit helpful traits tend to reproduce more successfully than other organisms do
56
New cards
overproduction
more offspring are usually born than the envirornment can support. only some of them will survive into adulthood, and a smaller number of them will successfully reproduce
57
New cards
genetic variation
within a population there are naturally occuring variations in traits. genetic differences, or variations, pass from parents to their offspring
58
New cards
selection
individuals try to get the resources they need to survive. these resources include food, water, space, and, in most cases, mates for reproduction
59
New cards
adaptation
an inherited trait that improves survival and reproductive success of an organism