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psychoanalytic
-behavior influenced by unconscious decisions
-stressed early childhood experiences determine behavior
-negative view of humanity (aggression, sex)
behavioral
-environment determines behavior
-reinforcement and punishment
humanistic
-focuses on self
-inherent goodness
-free will
-unconditional positive regard
cognitive
-thoughts and mental processes
-rational emotive theory
biological
-genetic, biochemical, neurological
experimental research method
-review literature of past research, formulate hypothesis, design research/study method, collect data, analyze data, report the findings, draw conclusions
-strength: cause/effect and control of variables
-weakness: not real world behavior
case study
intense study of an individual
strength: intense information
weakness: can't be generalized
naturalistic observation
natural setting: behavior is not interfered or altered
strength: real behavior
weakness: no control
survey method
-gathers data on attitudes and behavior
-strength: lots of data, cheap
-weakness: framing, poor sampling
correlation
-a statistical value of the relationship between two variables
-strength: strength of relationship
weakness: not causation
positive correlation
as one number increases, the other increases
negative correlation
as one number increases, one number decreases
no correlation
variables to not affect one another in a significant way
independent variable
manipulated by experimenter
dependent variable
measured by experimenter
dendrite
receive information for the neuron
soma
processes information in the neuron
axon
action potential takes place, all or nothing
-inside axon: negative
-outside axon: positive
myeline sheath
fatty, speeds and insulates
terminal button
contains and releases neurotransmitters into synapse
receptor sites
neurotransmitters "lock and key"
synapse
gap between neurons
select neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, norepinephrine, opioids
acetylcholine
involved in muscle movement and memory
serotonin
-involved in mood and sleep
low = depression
dopamine
involved in movement and reward systems, schizophrenia, parkinson's
GABA
-inhibitory neurotransmitter
-low = anxiety
norepinephrine
involved in arousal, mood, and sympathetic
opioids
involved in pathways that reduce pain
somatic
controls voluntary movement
automatic
controls self-regulated actions of internal organs
sympatic
arousing, fight/flight, pupils dilate, accelerate heart rate, inhibits digestion, glucose release, relaxes bladder
parasympathetic
calming, digest/rest, contracts pupils, slows heart rate, stimulates digestion, stimulates gallbladder, contracts bladder
medulla
controls vegetation function
breathing/heart rate
pons
sleep and wake-fullness
cerebellum
coordination of movement and postural reflex
reticular formation
oversees arousal and attentional processes
limbic system
controls emotions and memory
hippocampus
memory
amygdala
emotions, fear (emotional amy)
thalamus
primary relay station for senses
cerebral cortex
lobes of brain, upper wrinkled area
corpus callosum
nerve cells connecting the two hemispheres of the brain
frontal lobes
decision making
temporal lobes
critical for hearing and balance, important in memories
occipital lobes
responsible for visual processes
parietal lobes
receives sensory information
CT "cat" scan
computerized axial tomography, x-ray of brain
MRI:
3D brain mage using magnetic fields
FMRI
3D image of brain that shows blood flow in brain
PET Scan
uses radioactive material in blood to show brain activity
EEG
brain waves activity
absolute threshold
minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus
difference threshold
minimum difference between two stimuli that subject can detect (just noticeable difference)
cornea
clear outer surface of eye
iris
colored part, controls pupil
pupil
allows light into eye
lens
focuses light (accommodation)
retina
contains photoreceptors
cones: color
rods: light/dark
fovea
center of vision (cones)
highest acuity (sharpness)
trichromatic (eye)
red, green, blue
opponent process (brain)
-red/green
-blue/yellow
-black/white
smell
olfaction
does not get filtered by thalamus
taste
gustation
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, unami
depth perception
allows us to accurately estimate the distance of perceived objects and thereby perceive the world in three dimensions
monocular cues
requires one eye
binocular cues
requires two eyes
gestalt principles
-the whole is greater than the sum of the parts
-proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, law of goodform
insomnia
difficulty falling asleep or staying awake or awake too early
sleep apnea
fail to breathe for a minute or longer then wake up gasping for air
narcolepsy
sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours
nightmares
anxiety-arousing dreams generally occurring near the end of the sleep cycle, during REM sleep
night terrors
abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense psychological arousal and feelings of panic
operant conditioning
learning through the consequences of voluntary behavior
classical conditioning
learning that occurs when a previously neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response
-an associating is made between a meaningful stimulus and a non-meaningful stimulus
social (observational) learning
-an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others
watching/imitating
USC
unconditioned stimulus
-stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
UCR
unconditioned response
-unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
CS
conditioned stimulus
previously neutral stimulus that through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a conditioned response
CR
conditioned response
learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus
generalization
when responding increases the presence of new stimuli that resembles the original discriminative stimulus
discrimination
when responding does not increase in the presence of a new stimulus that resembles the original discriminative stimulus
extinction
the gradual weakening and disappearance of a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer
acquisition
initial stages of learning through reinforcement
spontaneous recovery
a reappearance of an extinguished response after extinction
latent learning
learning that has occurred but has not been expressed
insight
sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution
reinforcement
-consequences that strengthened responses
-positive: a response is strengthened by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus (money, candy, reward)
-negative: a response is strengthened by the removal of an aversive stimulus
punishment
-decreases behavior
-positive: occurs when an aversive stimulus follows a response (lecturing)
-negative: taking away something of value (no car, no phone)
reliability
measure of the consistency and reproductivity of test scores when the test is readministered
validity
ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
standardization
establishment of the norms and uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test
Gardner's multiple intelligence's theory
intelligence can be broken down into 7 categories (verbal, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial body, movement, understanding oneself, understanding others)
Sternberg's multiple intelligence's theory
three categories- analytic, practical and creative
history of IQ testing
-alfred binet: mental age based
-terman: mental age / chronological age x 100
-wechsler: more accurate test for adults, standard deviation, bell curve, WAIS, WISC
obedience
following direct commands, usually from an authoritative figure
milgram's shock conclusion
1. situational pressures can make people obey instructions that go against their belief system
group think
when feeling pressure to conform to the group, stops critical thinking to avoid dissention to the group
(someone knows something is wrong but doesn't say it)
group polarization
when group discussion leads to a more "polarized" point of view by the group
diffusion of responsibility
the dilution of personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members
bystander effect
less likely to help others when in groups rather than when alone