Studied by 10 people
imperialism
policy of maintaining or extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force
the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region
sino-japanese war
conflict between China and Japan about control over Korea, ending with Japan’s victory and takeover of Korea
nationalism
concept of feeling an intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture and the idea that people who share a culture should live in an independent nation
belief in nationalism (asserting national identity over other territories)
desire for economic wealth and natural resources
political and military motives (stopping other countries from expanding, military bases, supposedly increased national security)
humanitarian, religious, and cultural motives (“white mans burden”, social Darwinism, white superiority, spread and unification of cultures, spread of Christianity)
what were motives and explanations that Europeans used to justify imperialism?
social darwinism
Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution and survival of the fittest applied to society
the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better
spread of European and US power was used to argue the biological superiority of whites
pseudoscience and false theories contributed to racial ideologies that justified imperialism
phrenologists, who studied the skull sizes and shapes, believed that smaller skull sizes proved the “mental feebleness” of Africans, indigenous Americans, and Asians, which in turn made Europeans believe themselves to be more civilized and superior
these ideas justified Europeans imperialism, making them believe that they are helping the people they’re colonizing
how did the misuse of science contribute to motives of imperialism?
white man’s burden
the task that “superior” white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the inhabitants of their colonies, who they believed were helpless or “barbarians”.
participated in colonization and imperialism by persuading people to give up their traditional beliefs and adopt Christianity, which helped pave the way for others who were more focused on economic gains
also contributed to humanitarian efforts, such as setting up schools for religion and secular subjects, improved medical care, and working to end the slave trade
how did missionaries affect imperialism and the people who were colonized?
need for raw materials and natural resources
opened up new markets of people to sell goods to
outlet for growing populations
what were three economic reasons for imperialism?
East India Company (EIC)
English joint-stock company that was formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India
became a major agent of British imperialism in India
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
chartered company that was given a monopoly of trade by the Dutch government and carried out trade activities in Asia and protected the state’s trade in the Indian Ocean
Europeans desired resources located in Africa, such as ivory and diamonds, which kept European empires colonizing in the continent
prior to the 19th century, European presence in Africa was mainly restricted to trading posts located on the coast, fearful to venture inland because of African resistance and tropical diseases
development of new weapons and medicine during the Industrial Revolution allowed Europeans to begin conquering Africa in their quest for raw materials
to defuse tensions over competition for African territories, European powers met at the Berlin Conference to negotiate the colonization of Africa (no Africans were invited)
when Europeans drew borders, long unified societies were divided and long time rival groups were united into colonies, which caused extensive warfare
explain European imperialism in Africa
settler colony
colony in which the colonizers settled in large numbers and occupy territory to replace the existing society with the society of colonizers
Scramble for Africa
the competitive invasion, occupation, division, colonization, and annexation of African territories by European powers during the age of “New Imperialism”
Berlin Conference
a meeting of European powers to provide for the orderly colonization of Africa with agreements of colonial boundaries and free movement of goods on Africa’s major rivers
no Africans were invited
Boer wars
conflict between the British and Afrikaners (descendants of Dutch settlers) that resulted in the British army driving out the afrikaners and native Africans from their lands and forcing them on concentration camps
after the conflict, the British absorbed the settler colonies of British and Afrikaner peoples and black Africans in the southern tip of Africa into its empire
King Leopold II
king of Belgium who over saw the invasion and pacification of the Congo in central Africa in order to persuade the Belgium government to support colonial expansion; was the sole owner of the colony of the Congo Free State
Congo Free State
African colony personally owned by King Leopold II of Belgium that was known for its brutal conditions and ruthless system of economic exploitation
Seven Years War
Global conflict between France and Britain and their First Nation allies for the control of North America
Resulted in Britain winning all of France’s land in colonial America, increasing British power globally
Sphere of influence
Claim of rights by an outside power over an area or region, usually for trading or military purposes
China, because they wanted exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources
Where did Europeans create spheres of influence during the age of imperialism? Why?
Taiping Rebellion
Failed revolt started by failed civil servant Hong Xiuquan, starving peasants, and workers against the Qing Dynasty and the presence of foreigners in China
Greatly weakened China, resulted in major political upheaval, and caused more than 20 million deaths
Boxers
Chinese anti-imperialist group that initiated the Boxer Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion
Anti foreign, anti imperialist, and anti Christian uprising that was led by a Chinese secret society called the Boxers, who were determined to drive all foreigners out of China
through private chartered joint stock companies (EIC and VOC)
how did the Dutch and English start their imperialism?
Siam (modern day Thailand)
Only southeast Asian nation that managed to avoid European imperialism
similarly to Japan, initiated a series of modernizing reforms and began to industrialize by building railroads and setting up western style schools to create an educated populace who could participate in the governments bureaucracy
penal colony
a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location and using them for forced labor
Australia
where did the British establish a penal colony during the age of imperialism?
Treaty of Waitangi
agreement created with the British guaranteeing that the rights of the original Maori inhabitants of New Zealand would be protected by the British crown
despite this, Europeans still encroached on Maori lands, causing war to break out
Trail of Tears
the forced migration of Native Americans to what is now Oklahoma, causing many indigenous deaths from exposure, malnutrition, disease, and exhaustion
Monroe Doctrine
an attempt by president James Monroe in 1823 to prevent other European powers (outside of those already present) from establishing colonies or any new presence in the Western Hemisphere. It essentially stated that the United States would consider such attempts as an act of aggression
Told the world that Latin America was in the US sphere of influence
Manifest Destiny
white Americans belief of a natural and inevitable right to expand to the Pacific Ocean
Spanish-American War
conflict between the US and Spain that effectively ended Spain’s role as a colonial power in the New World and secured the position of the United States as a Pacific power
resulted in the end of Spain’s colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere and brough Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines under US control
Roosevelt Corollary
foreign policy declaration by Theodore Roosevelt that stated that if countries in Latin America demonstrated “instability”, the United States would intervene
state run colony, settler colony, economic domination
what are the three types of imperialism?
features included the slow replacement of local cultures with Western institutions and was also justified by claims of helping the indigenous population
outcomes included:
exploitation of indigenous labor
loss of culture
creation of non-native elite and mixed native and non-native middle class
imperialist countries rule by corporations or states guided by Western policy
describe state-run colony as a type of imperialism
features included focus on control and use of land, the removing or domination of indigenous population by settlers, and are most common in sparsely populated lands
outcomes included:
loss of culture
genocide
spread of disease
forced conversion to Western business, political, and religious ideas
exploitation of indigenous labor
indigenous populations were forced into extreme poverty and addiction
describe settler colonies as a type of imperialism
features included being commonly based on exploiting raw materials, hiring low-wage labor, and having the local government remain in control, but become weak
outcomes included:
social destabilization based on economic exploitation
monoculture and lack of agricultural diversity
soil depletion and environmental damage
describe economic domination as a type of imperialism
British West Africa, Belgian Congo Free State
what’s are some examples of state run colonies?
British South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and French Algeria
what are some examples of settler colonies?
British and French in China, United States in Latin America
what are some examples of economic dominated territories?
great game
a political and diplomatic confrontation that existed for most of the 19th century between the British Empire and the Russian Empire over Afghanistan and neighboring territories in Central and South Asia
proclamation of 1763
act issued by the British after the French and Indian War that reserved all the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi for Native Americans
was the first time a European government had recognized the territorial rights of indigenous peoples, though the territories were soon overrun by British colonists who resented this interference in colonial affairs, and once again displacing Native Americans
Cherokee Nation
federally-recognized government of Native Americans that, after 1800, assimilated to white settler culture, adopting colonial methods of farming, weaving, and building, developing a syllabic alphabet for writing their language, and adopting a constitution based on the US constitution
despite this, they were still forced off their land by white Americans
Indian Removal Act
act passed by America’s Congress that authorized the president to grand lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders, forcibly removing Native Americans from their homelands
spurred US expansionism and contributed to loss of native cultures, traditions, and languages
Ghost Dance
native ritual of dances and songs performed by Native Americans that were meant as a way to bring back the dead and drive out the whites, while restoring the lands and traditions of indigenous peoples
sepoys
Indian soldiers under British employ that made up the majority of the British armed forces in colonial India; most were Hindu or Muslim
Indian Rebellion of 1857/Sepoy Rebellion
widespread but unsuccessful revolt of the sepoy troops in British India against the unfairness and cultural discrimination and disregard from the British; began when the Hindu and Muslim sepoys were convinced that the British were trying to convert them to Christianity
marked the emergence of Indian nationalism
caused the end of the Mughal Empire
resulted in the transfer of the administration of India from the East India Company to the control of the British government/crown
what were the effects of the sepoy rebellion?
Indian National Congress
movement and political party established by British-educated Indians that demanded greater Indian participation in government and seeked independence for all Indians, regardless of class or religious background
began as a forum for airing grievances to the colonial government, though quickly began to call for self-rule
Jose Rizal
educated Filipino that started a reform movement that was loyal to Spain called Liga Filipina (Philippine League) and was arrested and executed by the Spanish due to fear of rebellions
Philippine Revolution
series of revolts started by nationalist and educated Filipinos against the Spanish that broke out in provinces around the Manila
Treaty of Paris
agreement between Spain and the United States that formally ended the Spanish-American War and dissolved the Spanish Empire, giving the US much of Spain’s overseas territories
Philippine-American War
conflict between the Filipinos and Americans after the US gained control over the previously Spanish owned Philippines
The Filipinos wanted independence rather than a change in colonist rulers
resulted in US victory and estimated deaths of 20,000 Filipino troops and more than 200,000 civilians
African resistance developed much later than Indian resistance since European powers had been in India much longer than they had been in Africa
British colonial governments in India were partially run by Indians, while colonial governments in Africa were largely run by European military officials
what was the difference between African resistance to imperialism and Indian resistance to imperialism?
Pan-Africanism
a general term for various movements in Africa that have as their common goal the unity of Africans and the elimination of colonialism and white supremacy from the continent
Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement
movement that involved the Xhosa killing their cattle to prevent diseases brought by British settlers and destroying their crops in the belief that these actions would cause spirits to remove the British settlers from their land
caused a major decline in the region’s population and ushered in a new era of colonial expansion and European domination
Zulu Kingdom
well organized and centralized Southern African State founded by Shaka Zulu that was colonized by British forces despite resistance
anglo-zulu war
war fought between the British and the Zulu people that originally went in favor of the Zulus, but eventually ended in British victory, with Zulu lands becoming part of the British colony of South Africa
De Beers Mining Company
South African-British corporation founded by Cecil Rhodes that controlled diamond mining operations in South Africa
Agriculture in Africa shifted from subsistence farming (raising food for yourself) to farming cash crops (such as cotton) for the profit of the government in control
how did imperialism and industrialization affect African agriculture?
Guano
Bat and seabird excrement that was used as a natural fertilizer
increased crop production
natural resources, new markets, and low wage labor
what factors drove economic imperialism?
Agriculture in Africa shifted from subsistence farming (raising food for yourself) to farming cash crops (such as cotton) for the profit of the government in control
how did imperialism and industrialization affect African agriculture?
Monocultures
Lack of agricultural diversity
Economic imperialism
Situation in which foreign business interests have great economic power or influence
developed as businesses took advantage of natural resources beyond their borders
De Beers Mining Company
transnational company founded by Cecil Rhodes and was responsible for the majority of the worlds diamond production during the 19th century
colonial powers turned their colonies into export economies that produced goods not for domestic use but to be sent to colonial powers to sell for profit
colonies reliance on imperial powers also left the colonies vulnerable to economic decline and falling world prices, as well as a decline in food production due to the focus on cash crops
what effect did colonial powers have on the economies of their colonies?
Weakening of colonial economies, narrowing of crops grown, reliance of colonial economies on imperial nations, deforestation and depletion of soil fertility
what were the consequences of changes made by imperialist powers to the global economy
Culture system
System introduced by the Dutch government, which forced farmers to choose between growing cash crops for export or performing unpaid labor (corvée labor)
colonial powers turned their colonies into export economies that produced goods not for domestic use but to be sent to colonial powers to sell for profit
colonies reliance on imperial powers also left the colonies vulnerable to economic decline and falling world prices, as well as a decline in food production due to the focus on cash crops
what effect did colonial powers have on the economies of their colonies?
Opium war
Conflict between the British and Chinese concerning China’s objection to the importation of opium
resulted in British victory and further exploitation of China
Opium war
Conflict between the British and Chinese concerning China’s objection to the importation of opium
resulted in British victory and further exploitation of China
industrial nations such as the British would dominate and defeat states, such as China, that lacked the military technology needed to stand against European technology and weaponry
Revealed the fate of non-industrialized with the rise of industrial nations
How did the opium war show the new shift of power from nonindustrial to industrial nations?
Treaty of Nanking
treaty between Britain and and the Qing dynasty in China that ended the first Opium War
required China to open up four additional ports to foreigners, cede the island of Hong Kong to Britain, pay damages, and allow free trade, which the British took advantage of
prosperity gained from the second Industrial Revolution allowed the US to invest in infrastructure and industry in Latin America
Financed shipping, railways, emerging bank and financial sectors, and mining, guano, and meat processing and packing plants
Latin America was officially a part of the US sphere of influence with the Monroe doctrine
Describe the United States role in imperialism in Latin America
it developed the demand for raw materials and the technology, such as steamships, railroads, and weapons, used to control other territories
how did the Industrial Revolution influence economic imperialism?
Migration
The act of moving from one place to another with the intent to live in another place permanently or for a longer period of time
Forced/involuntary migration
Situation in which people have no choice and are forced to move to another place
Voluntary migration
Situation in which people choose to move if they think the benefits of moving will be greater than the costs
Immigration
Migration to a place in order to settle there
Emigration
Migration from a place to settle in another place
Push factor
Negative reasons for wanting to leave/emigrate from a place
lack of food or water
Natural disasters
Lack of jobs
War
Discrimination
Name some examples of push factors
more food or water supply
Freedom
Higher wages and other economic opportunities
Better climate
Name some examples of pull factors
increased global economy due to economic imperialism
availability of different modes of transportation
what factors spurred a new era of migration during this period?
because slavery was abolished, imperial nations needed to find other ways to satisfy the growing demands for workers and labor through indentured servitude and labor contracts
many indentured and contract laborers, who came from India, China, Japan, etc., migrated to territories controlled by imperial powers to work as laborers
how did the abolition of slavery throughout imperial territories affect the economy and migration ?
indentured servants
people who worked for a set number of years before becoming free
could’ve been recruited as a way to pay for transportation for an area with for opportunity or to pay off debt
diaspora
the mass emigrations and spread of people from their homeland to another place
caused by poverty, political conditions, or famine
the Atlantic slave trade of Africans
what event was responsible for one of the largest diasporas in history?
most Indians left due to poverty and were sent by the British as indentured servants to replace enslaved workers on sugar plantations
were shipped to colonies in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Oceania
Some decided to stay permanently rather than return to India
explain Indian diasporas
Chinese people emigrated for many reasons, such as to escape poverty, famine, political disorder, and better economic and living opportunities
some paid for transport, others left China as indentured laborers
Most emigrated to the americas, Europe, Australia, or New Zealand
crucial to the development of the US transcontinental railroad
explain Chinese diasporas
great famine
Period of starvation and disease in Ireland that caused a major decline in population and a large emigration of Irish people to the US, England, Scotland, Canada, and Australia
political reasons, religious discrimination, poverty, and famine caused by the Great Famine caused many Irish to emigrate
Most went to the United States, though many others when to England, Scotland , Canada, or Australia
Helped build canals and railroads
Describe Irish diasporas
many government officials, businessmen, traders, bankers, and engineers migrated to British colonies
British engineers spread western science and technology through the world and blended their knowledge with the experience of engineers from the colonial lands; increased collaboration on public works and private industrial projects
Also helped found banks, develop the export trade in agricultural products, build railroads, and more, which spurred the economy
how did British settlers who migrated to British settler colonies, such as Argentina and Africa, affect the economy and culture?
migrants were more often men than women
in some societies where men waited to emigrate until a male relative was able to live the women and children who didn’t emigrate, women’s roles mostly remained the same as before their husbands left
in other societies, women gained more authority as they took on the responsibilities of their husbands and took roles outside of the bounds of family responsibilities
women who later followed their husbands to another country often participated more fully, though not equally, in family decision-making than women who had not been on their own
women who took on their husbands responsibilities would sometimes continue to play a role outside of domestic life once their husband returns, while women who had been put in the care of male relatives remained in traditional gender roles
if a large amount of money that the husband earned was sent home, women were often able to reduce their hours working outside of the home and spend more time with family responsibilities while also exercising considerable decision-making power over how the money was spent
how did migration affect the women in the societies that migrants left?
ethnic enclaves
clusters or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country and share the same culture
inhabitants spoke the language of their home country, ate foods they were familiar with from home, and pursued a way of life similar to that they had known in their home countries
formed in many major cities in the world
influenced the culture of their new homes, which absorbed some of the migrants’ cultural traditions
caused syncretism of religion, language, traditions, culture
how did ethnic enclaves affect culture?
were a part of the workforce in the regions they migrated to (sugar plantations, industry, transportation)
participated in commerce in southeast Asia, controlled trade throughout Southeast Asia and were a significant presence in the region by the end of the 19th century
crucial during the construction of the first transcontinental railroad in the Americas
spread Chinese culture, which blended with the cultures of the places they migrated to
sometimes married local people, which contributed to the multicultural diversity of populations
how did Chinese immigrants affect the places they migrated to?
kangani system
system in which entire Indian families were recruited by the British to work on tea, coffee, and rubber plantation sin Ceylon, Burma, and Malaya
replaced the indentured servitude system
people in this system were less restricted than indentured laborers, and had the advantage of having their families with them
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