Biology Chapter 11: Section 11.4

union of gametes through the process of fertilization to form a new living thing

sexual reprodution

the system designed to carry out the essential process of forming a new living thing

reproductive system

main reproductive organs; the organ that produce the gametes

gonads

through which gametes are produced; a normal cell, which contains two copies of each gene, divides to form gametes, which each contains only one copy of each gene

meiosis

also function as part of the endocrine system

gonads

the time of physical transition from child to adult

adolescence

growth of hair on the face and body, deepening of the voice in males, and enlargement of the breasts in females

secondary sex characteristics

male gonads

testes

where the testes are located

scrotum

the main organ produced by the testes, triggers special cells in the seminiferous tubules to continually divide and undergo meiosis, producing sperm cells

testosterone

small organ in which sperm mature and are stored

epididymis

two ducts that transfer sperm from the epididymides to the urethra

vasa deferentia

the fluid consisting of sperm and secretions containing nutrients and other factors the sperm need to survive until fertilization

semen

semen leaves the body through the?

urethra

female gonads

ovaries

contains a developing egg cell

follicles

once the egg cell is mature, it is released from the follicle in the process of?

fallopian tubes

the primary female reproductive hormones

estrogens

womb; a hollow muscular organ in the lower abdomen

uterus

fertilization; new life begins to develop with unique characteristics according to the genetic blueprint from the sperm and egg

conception

the 38-40 week period from conception to birth

gestation

when the basic body structure and the major organs and systems are forming, the unborn child is considered an?

embryo

from the ninth week of development until birth, he is considered a?

fetus

the development of a child begins in his mother’s?

fallopian tubes

fertilized egg

zygote

the zygote repeatedly divides to form a hollow ball of cells called?

blastocyst

one week after conception the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall; this process is called?

implantation

shortly after implantation, this begins to form around the child

amniotic sac

two weeks after conception, the blastocyst forms three distinct layers of cells called?

primary germ layers

(outer layer) develops into the nervous system, sensory organs, and epidermis

ectoderm

(middle layer) develops into many of the internal organs, including muscle, bone, blood, lymph vessels, reproductive organs, and dermis

mesoderm

(inner layer) develops into the digestive organs, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urethra

endoderm

allows the growing child to receive need nourishment from his mother

placenta and umbilical cord

a sac of blood vessels connecting the mother and child; it is a single organ that develops from the tissues of two different people

placenta

chorion develops finger-like villi containing the child’s capillaries

chorionic villi

the placenta connects to the baby by the?

umbilical cord

carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the baby

umbilical vein

carry wastes from the baby to the placenta

umbilical arteries

the digestive tube develops into the digestive organs, and the neural plate, which will develop into the nervous system both begin to form

third week

the child grows four bumps that will become his limbs, and the organs of the respiratory system begin to take shape

fourth week

the kidneys form

fifth week

a cartilage skeleton has formed, and the stomach begins to produce digestive juices

sixth week

the nervous system is developed enough that the child responds to touch

seventh week

the heart has developed to be a miniature replica of the adult heart; the unborn child is distinctly recognizable as a tiny human being

eighth week

the baby grows to the size and proportions it will have at birth

ninth week to birth

the urinary system is fully functional and begins operating

tenth week

the child’s muscles are developed enough that he can move around, but his mother usually will not feel his movements until partway through the second trimester

first trimester

the respiratory system although not completely developed, is able to function should the child be born early

second trimester

the baby’s hair and nails form

third trimester

a child’s fetal development ends; the process of birth

labor

first phase of labor; opening of the uterus

cervix

allowing room for the baby to exit; the contractions in this phase typically break the amniotic sac, releasing the amniotic fluid

dilates

detaches from the uterine wall and is delivered through the birth canal

placenta

shortly after birth, the umbilical cord is cut; after about two weeks, the dried remains of the cord fall off, leaving a scar

umbilicus

sexual activity before marriage

fornication

sexual activity outside of marriage by a married person

adultery