Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 17

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone ___________ ________________

Thyroid gland

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Growth hormone _____ ________

Most tissues

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Follicle-stimulating hormone ______________________________

Follicles in ovaries; seminiferous tubules

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone ________ ______

Adrenal cortex

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Beta endorphins _____

Brain

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone _______________________________________

Melanocytes in the skin correct

Match the target tissue with the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Luteinizing hormone _______________________________________

Ovaries in females; testes in males

Which of the following hormones primarily affects the reproductive organs?

> Follicle-stimulating hormone

> Adrenocorticotropic hormone

> Prolactin-releasing factor

> Thyrotropin

> Growth hormone

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system or nervous system.

> communicates by means of hormones

> communicates by means of electrical impulses

> reacts more slowly to stimuli

> may continue responding long after stimulus stops

> Adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation

> adapts relatively slowly

Endocrine System

> communicates by means of hormones

> reacts more slowly to stimuli

> may continue responding long after stimulus stops

> adapts relatively slowly

Nervous System

> communicates by means of electrical impulses

> Adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation

Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system or nervous system.

> Releases neurotransmitters at synapses

> sometimes has very general effects

> Usually has relatively local, specific effects

> Reacts quickly to stimuli

> releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution

> stops quickly when stimulus stops

Nervous System

> Releases neurotransmitters at synapses

> Usually has relatively local, specific effects

> Reacts quickly to stimuli

> stops quickly when stimulus stops

Endocrine System

> sometimes has very general effects

> releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution

Choose the accurate statements about how communication by the nervous and endocrine systems differs. Check all that apply.

> The nervous system releases neurotransmitters at synapses at specific target cells.

> The nervous system adapts relatively slowly and may respond for days to weeks.

> The endocrine system reacts more slowly to stimuli, often taking seconds to days.

> The endocrine system stops quickly when stimulus stops.

> The endocrine system communicates by means of hormones.

> The nervous system releases neurotransmitters at synapses at specific target cells.

> The endocrine system reacts more slowly to stimuli, often taking seconds to days.

> The endocrine system communicates by means of hormones.

Although the nervous and endocrine systems both serve for internal communication, they are not redundant; they complement, rather than duplicate, each other's function. The systems differ in their means of communication. They differ also in how quickly they start and stop responding to stimuli. Another difference between the two systems is that an efferent nerve fiber innervates only one organ and a limited number of cells within that organ.

6

A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.

> protein that stimulates other cells; the source of hormone secretions

> regulatory molecule that controls secretions of other cells; a cell that synthesizes hormones

> molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones

> molecule; a cell that does not have receptors.

> None of these are correct.

> molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system

> does not use receptors.

> may have a longer lasting effect.

> takes only seconds.

> is not essential to life.

> None of these are correct.

may have a longer lasting effect.

Hormones are chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ.

> True

> False

True

In general, the endocrine system has faster results than the nervous system.

- True

- False

false

The nervous system releases hormones at synapses and the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream.

-True

-False

False

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes

T/F

false

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes.

T/F

true

Type 2 diabetes is much more common than Type 1 diabetes.

T/F

true

Type 1 diabetes results from increased insulin production.

T/F

false

Type 2 diabetes results from the inability of tissues to respond to insulin.

T/F

true

Type 1 diabetes most often develops in young people.

T/F

true

Type 2 diabetes usually develops in people under the age of 20.

T/F

false

What are the factors causing increased blood glucose by glucagon? Check all that apply.

- Decreased glycogenesis in the liver

- Increased glycogenolysis in the liver

- Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver

- Increased lipogenesis in fat cells

- Decreased glycogenesis in the liver

- Increased glycogenolysis in the liver

- Increased gluconeogenesis in the liver

The pancreas is mostly composed of groups of cells called

- pancreatic acini.

- pancreatic islets.

- alpha groups.

- beta groups.

pancreatic acini.

Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion.

- increase; increase

- decrease; decrease

- increase; decrease

- decrease; increase

increase; decrease

Secretion of insulin causes

- a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.

- a decrease in the permeability of cell membranes to glucose.

- an increase in the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose.

- an increase in the concentration of blood glucose.

a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

- Pancreas

- Anterior pituitary

- Liver

- Thyroid gland

- Pineal gland

Pancreas

The pancreas has pancreatic islets composed of primarily alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells secrete

- insulin.

- somatostatin.

- glucagon.

- pancreatic polypeptide.

glucagon.

One of the primary effects of glucagon in raising blood glucose is glycogenolysis.

- True

- False

True

Indicate whether each effect or symptom is associated with acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) stress.

- epinephrine effects

- increased heart rate

- Cortisol Effects

- liver glycogenolysis

- Water retention

- Immune system Suppression

- bronchodilation

Alarm Reaction

- epinephrine effects

- increased heart rate

- liver glycogenolysis

- bronchodilation

Stage of Resistance

- Cortisol Effects

- Water retention

- Immune system Suppression

TRH and TSH function together to decrease the production of T3 and T4.

T/F

false

TRH stimulates the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary.

T/F

true

TSH stimulates the secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland.

T/F

true

Increased blood levels of T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH secretion.

T/F

true

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates T3 and T4 synthesis and secretion.

T / F

true

T3 and T4 are secreted by thyroid follicles.

T/F

true

T3 and T4 are secreted by the parafollicular cells.

T/F

false

T3 and T4 are secreted by the parafollicular cells.

T/F

false

T3 and T4 are stored in the thyroid follicles as part of thyroglobulin.

T/F

true

Match the corticosteroid hormone with its most common origin in the adrenal cortex.

1. Mineralcorticoids Zona _________

2. Glucocorticoids Zona __________

3. Sex steroids Zona ______________

- glomerulosa

- fasciculata

- reticularis

An increase in stress causes an increase in ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

T/F

True

The change in ACTH levels in response to stress causes a decrease in glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex.

T/F

False

Glucocorticoids suppress the immune system.

T/F

True

A rise in glucocorticoids can promote insulin resistance.

T/F

True

Check all that are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

Corticosteroids

Epinephrine

Mineralcorticoids

Glucocorticoids

Gonadocorticoids

Norepinephrine

Corticosteroids

Mineralcorticoids

Glucocorticoids

Gonadocorticoids

Put the events of thyroid hormone synthesis into the correct order.

- Thyroid hormone precursors are internalized into follicular cells.

- Thyroid hormone precursors travel to a lysosome.

- Iodine combines with TGB to produce thyroid hormone precursors.

- Follicular cells secrete thyroglobulin (TGB) into the colloid.

- Follicular cells secrete thyroglobulin (TGB) into the colloid.

- Iodine combines with TGB to produce thyroid hormone precursors.

- Thyroid hormone precursors are internalized into follicular cells.

- Thyroid hormone precursors travel to a lysosome.

Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called _________, while hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called ___________.

- gigantism; pituitary dwarfism

- pituitary dwarfism; acromegaly

- chronic hyperglycemia; gigantism

- acromegaly; gigantism

- gigantism; pituitary dwarfism

The _______ secretes triiodothyronine.

- adrenal gland

- pancreas

- parathyroid gland

- thyroid gland

- pineal gland

- thyroid gland

As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine

- rise and cortisol fall.

- fall and cortisol rise.

- and cortisol rise.

- and cortisol fall.

and cortisol rise.

The adrenal medulla secretes

- glucocorticoids.

- epinephrine and norepinephrine.

- androgens.

- aldosterone.

epinephrine and norepinephrine.

An inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones results in ___________, which is characterized by weight gain and lethargy, while an excess of thyroid hormone secretion results in ____________, which is characterized by weight loss and rapid pulse.

- hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism

- hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism

hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism

The central region of the adrenal gland is the adrenal ______.

medulla

Classify the hormones with their main target organs.

PITUITARY, MAMMARY GLAND, TESTIES/ OVERIES

TRH

GHRH

PRL

LH

CRH

FSH

GnRH

PITUITARY

-TRH

-GHRH

-CRH

-GnRH

MAMMARY GLAND

-PRL

TESTIES/ OVERIES

- LH

- FSH

Classify the hormones with their main target organs.

LIVER, FAT MUSCLE, AND BONE,

THYROID, ADRENAL CORTEX

GH

TSH

ACTH

IGF

LIVER, FAT MUSCLE, AND BONE

- GH

- IGF

THYROID

- TSH

ADRENAL CORTEX

- ACTH

Referred to as the , the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone into the bloodstream.

Circulating through the body, antidiuretic hormone arrives at the

____________ __________ of the kidney.

Causing an increased of water from the kidney nephron, blood volume is maintained.

neurohypophysis

target cells

reabsorption

Causing an increased of water from the kidney nephron, blood volume is maintained.

reabsorption

Referred to as the , the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone into the bloodstream.

neurohypophysis

Circulating through the body, antidiuretic hormone arrives at the ________ _______ of the kidney.

target cells

Stimulates the release of growth hormone

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

Decreases the release of growth hormone

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

Stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone ___________________

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Stimulates luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone ______________________

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Decreases the secretion of prolactin

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

Stimulates the secretion of prolactin ____________________________

Prolactin-releasing hormone

Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

Growth hormone

Increased growth in tissues

Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone _________________________________

Thyroid hormone secretion

Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

__________________________

Glucocorticoid hormone secretion

Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

___________________________________________

Melanin production

Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

Follicle-stimulating hormone __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion; stimulates sperm production in males

Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

Prolactin __________________________________

Milk production in lactating women

Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

Beta endorphins

Analgesia in the brain

Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

Luteinizing hormone _________________________ ______________________________________________________ _________________________________

Ovulation and progesterone production; stimulates testosterone production in males

Identify the ways in which the anterior pituitary differs from the posterior pituitary. Check all that apply.

- The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis.

- The posterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins.

- The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system.

- Oxytocin is secreted by the anterior pituitary.

- Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary.

- The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis.

- The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system.

- Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones that pass down the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and are stored in the posterior pituitary.

Hormones from the hypothalamus control hormone secretion from what part of the pituitary and by what hormones from the hypothalamus? Check all that apply.

- Anterior pituitary

- Posterior pituitary

- Releasing hormones (RHs)

- Inhibiting hormones (IHs)

-Anterior pituitary

-Releasing hormones (RHs)

-Inhibiting hormones (IHs)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the

- hypothalamus.

- anterior pituitary.

- posterior pituitary.

- kidney.

- cerebellum.

- posterior pituitary.

Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this takes the form of

-positive feedback.

-direct nervous stimulation.

-negative feedback inhibition.

-All of the choices are correct.

negative feedback inhibition.

Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the

- posterior pituitary.

- hypothalamus.

- thalamus.

- anterior pituitary.

- cerebrum.

hypothalamus

Target cells for releasing hormones are in the

- hypothalamus.

- anterior pituitary gland.

- posterior pituitary gland.

- thyroid gland.

- testes.

anterior pituitary gland.

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by

- neuromuscular cells.

- neurons.

- neuroendocrine cells.

- neurosecretory cells.

- neuroglia.

neurosecretory cells.

Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its target.

Prolactin (PRL)

FSH and LH

TSH

ACTH

Growth hormone

- Mammary glands in females and interstitial cells in males

- Almost every cell in the body

- Thyroid gland

- Adrenal cortex

- Ovaries in females and testes in males

Prolactin (PRL)

Mammary glands in females and interstitial cells in males

Growth hormone

Almost every cell in the body

TSH

Thyroid gland

ACTH

Adrenal cortex

FSH and LH

Ovaries in females and testes in males

Match the following hypothalamic releasing hormones with the hormone released from the anterior pituitary.

1. Corticotropin-releasing hormone

2. Growth hormone-releasing hormone

3. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

4. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

- TSH

- FSH AND LH

- ACTH

- GH

1. Corticotropin-releasing hormone

- ACTH

2. Growth hormone-releasing hormone

- GH

3. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

- TSH

4. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

- FSH AND LH

Drag each label to identify which hormones would be responsible for each description.

STEROID

MONOAMINE

PEPTIDE

- ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE

- ANGIOTENSIN

- GLUCAGON

- NOREPINEPHRINE

- ESTRONE

- CORTISOL

- THYROID HORMONE

- INSULIN

STEROID

- ESTRONE

- CORTISOL

MONOAMINE

- NOREPINEPHRINE

- THYROID HORMONE

PEPTIDE

- ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE

- ANGIOTENSIN

- GLUCAGON

- INSULIN

Hormones display _____________ effects when one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second hormone that is secreted later.

- Synergistic

- permissive

- antagonistic

- All of the choices are correct.

- None of the choices are correct.

permissive

Chemical messengers that influence the activity of the same cell that releases them are ___________ chemical messengers, while chemical messengers that influence the activity of another cell are ___________ chemical messengers.

- merocrine, autocrine

- autocrine, paracrine

- paracrine, autocrine

- autocrine, merocrine

- autocrine, paracrine

An up-regulated cell has an increase in

- the amount of DNA in the nucleus.

- the number of molecules the cell secretes.

- the concentration of ligands that bind to the receptors.

- the number of receptors available for binding.

- the number of nuclei.

- the number of receptors available for binding.

Up-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to

- prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone.

- prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.

- signals from antagonistic hormone products.

- signals from the posterior pituitary.

None of these choices is correct.

prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone.

Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to

- prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone.

- prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.

- signals from antagonistic hormone products.

- signals from the posterior pituitary.

prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.

Polypeptide hormones, such as FSH and TSH, and biogenic amine hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, are all considered ____________ hormones.

- steroid

- paracrine

- eicosansoid

- protein

- protein

After eating a meal, blood sugar levels

- increase.

- decrease.

- do not change.

- disappear.

- increase.

Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood sugar levels to

- increase far above normal.

- return to about normal.

- decrease far below normal.

- convert to protein.

return to about normal.

In Type I diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because

- too much insulin is released.

- protein is converted to glucose.

- no insulin is released.

- the kidneys are not working.

no insulin is released.

In Type II diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because

- too much insulin is released.

- the kidneys are not working.

- no insulin in released.

- muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal.

muscle and liver cells do not receive a signal.

The treatment for Type I diabetes always includes

- oral thiazolidinedione.

- insulin.

- metformin.

- dialysis.

insulin.

The second messenger cAMP is synthesized by the enzyme

- adenylyl cyclase.

- cAMP phosphodiesterase.

- ATPase.

- ligase.

- phosphorylase.

adenylyl cyclase.

The binding of epinephrine to its receptor activates a(n)

- A protein.

- D protein.

- G protein.

- K protein.

- M protein.

G protein.

Epinephrine has to cross the cell membrane to bind to its receptor in the cytoplasm.

- True

- False

False

Which of the following statements about thyroxine is true?

- It is water-insoluble.

- It is lipophilic.

- It can pass through the cell membrane.

- All of these choices are correct.

- All of these choices are correct.