AICE International History Vocab Chapter 1 & 2

Monopoly

Market structure that consists of a single seller or producer and no close substitutes

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to one's nation-state to surpass others

King Leopold II

King of Belgium from 1865-1909; founded the Congo Free State and committed its atrocities

Cecil Rhodes

Prime minister of Cape Colony from 1890-96, acquired territory and mining concessions for British advancement

Genocide

Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethical, racial, or religious group

Patriotism

Love, devotion, or attachment to one's country or state

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force

Mercantilism

An economic practice used to maximize exports and minimize imports for an economy

Entrepreneur

Someone who starts or owns a business

Deflation

Overall decrease in the cost of an economy's goods and services

Racism

Discrimination based on race or ethnicity

Fashoda

A small town in southeastern Sudan that held a territorial crisis between Britain and France

Entente Cordiale

Series of agreements signed between the UK and French Republic that made improvement in Anglo-French relations

Algecira's Crisis

Conflict between France and Germany over Morocco's status

Kaiser Wilhelm

Last German emperor/Kaiser and king of Prussia from 1888-1918

First Opium War

War between China and Great Britain over opium trade from 1839-42

Second Opium War

War from 1856-60 which forced China to legalize opium

Taiping Rebellion

Large scale rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan against Qing Dynasty and the presence of foreigners in China

First Sino-Japanese War

Conflict between China and Japan over Korea and their influence in East Asia

Treaty of Nanking

An unequal treaty between China and foreign imperialist powers that ended the first opium war

Treaty of Shimonoseki

Peace agreement signed on April 17, 1895 that ended the first Sino-Japanese War

Boxer Rebellion

An uprising against foreigners in China supported by the government from a society called Boxers

Paul Kruger

President of the South African Republic who led the Boers against the British during the Second Boer War

Boer Wars

War between the British and Boers for control over the Transvaal and Orange Free State

Scorched Earth

Strategy of destroying everything to weaken opposing military force's power in war

Berlin Conference 1884-1885

Settled disputes between European powers with interest to gain ownership and make pseudo borders of control in Africa

Otto Von Bismarck

Prussian politician and Germany's first chancellor who unified 39 individual states into one German nation in 1871

Bartering

Exchange (goods or services) for other goods or services without using money

Private Enterprise

Business or industry that is managed by independent companies or private individuals rather than by the state

Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1902

Alliance that bound Britain and Japan to assist one another in safeguarding their respective interests in China and Korea

Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905

Conflict between Russia and Japan over the control of Manchuria and Korea

Dogger Bank Incident

Baltic fleet of Imperial Russian Navy mistook British fishing trawlers as Imperial Japanese Navy boats and opened fire

Western Powers

Countries like the US and UK that held significant power in global affairs, often shaping international policies and alliances

Ultimatum

A final demand or statement of terms which when rejected will result in forceful action and end of peace talks

Isolationism

A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups

Annexation

Taking a piece of land or country by force

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the expansion of the US was both justified and inevitable

Monroe Doctrine

A foreign policy that deemed any intervention in American political affairs by foreign powers is a potential threat towards the US

Stock Market

A system for buying and selling shares of companies

Protectionism

Governmental help of a country's trade or industry by taxing goods imported from other countries

Spanish-American War

War that ended Spain's colonial empire and secured the position of the US as a Pacific power

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president of the US who mediated an end to the Russo-Japanese War and started construction of the Panama Canal

Treaty of Paris

1783 treaty that ended American Revolution and recognized US independence

Spooner Act of 1902

Authorized the construction of the Panama Canal

Roosevelt Corollary

States that the US can intervene as a last resort to maintain peace in the Western Hemisphere

Pacifist

A person who opposes the use of war or violence to settle a dispute

Zimmerman Telegram

A coded message from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman that proposed an alliance to Mexico against the United States

Luisitania

British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat, influencing the US to join World War 1

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals by US president Woodrow Wilson used as peace negotiations to end World War 1

Platt Amendment

Treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention

Weltpolitik

Germany's foreign policy, aiming to become a global power through expansion and colonialism

Pressure Groups

A group that tries to influence public policy in the interest of a particular cause

Militarism

Belief that a state should maintain a strong military and use it aggressively to expand national interests and values

Louisiana Purchase

The United State's purchase of the territory from the French in 1803

Social Imperialism

Governments that take control in an attempt to preserve peace in their own countries

Slav

A member of a group of peoples in central and eastern Europe speaking Slavic languages; Slavic

Mexican American War

Conflict from 1846-48, giving the US 53% of Mexico's territory for western expansion

Tanzimat

"Reorganization"; a series of reforms spread in the Ottoman Empire from 1839-76

Liberal Lobby

Trying to influence legislative action or nonaction through written or oral communication

Appeasement

Giving in to prevent further disagreement

Economic integration

Arrangement among nations to reduce or eliminate trade barriers and coordinate monetary and fiscal policies

Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japanese concept of a unified and self-sufficient bloc in the Asia-Pacific region under Japanese control

Socialism

Economic system in which the state and government own some means of production and distribute goods/services for the benefit of the whole population

Social Darwinism

Idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better; "Survival of the fittest"

Entente

A friendly understanding or informal alliance between states or factions.

Trade Monopoly

A market structure characterized by a single seller, selling a unique product in the market with no competition

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States who changed the nation's economic policies and led the US to World War 1

Locarno Conference

Greater security in Europe guaranteeing borders of France, Belgium, and Germany to respect their joint frontiers

General Assembly

Main policy-making group of the organization

Nobel Peace Prize

Award given to any person who has worked to encourage peace among countries of groups of people

Upper Silesia 1921

Vote held to determine whether the central European region of Upper Silesia would be part of Poland or Germany

Covenant

The founding document of the League of Nations to achieve international cooperation, peace, and security

Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928

Agreement signed that outlawed war as a national policy and promoted peaceful resolution of disputes

Little Entente

Military alliance between Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia to counterbalance the power of Hungary and Austria

Memel 1923

Dispute over Prussian territory between Germany and Lithuania, with the League of Nations granting the port international and surrounding areas to Lithuania

Secretariat

The administrative body of the League, carrying out day-to-day business

Unanimous

Complete agreement

Corfu Incident

Italian invasion of Greece after Italian commissioners were murdered in Greek territory

Collective Security

The cooperation of several countries in an alliance to strengthen the security of each.

Permanent Court of International Justice

Settled legal disputes between nations and advised on international disputes; replaced by United Nations after World War II

The Council

Settled political disputes between nations; met yearly with permanent members and non-permanent members voted by the General Assembly

Greece-Bulgaria 1925

Border conflict between Greece and Bulgaria after Bulgarian soldiers killed a Greek commander and Sentry near the Petrich border; Success of the League of Nations

Aaland Islands 1921

Dispute over Swedish-speaking islands between Finland and Sweden; Success of the League of Nations, letting Finland keep the land without disagreement

Teschen 1920

Dispute between Poland and Czechoslovakia after Poland claimed land to be Polish dominant; Success of the League of Nations, splitting the land between the two

Repatriation

The act of returning to the country of origin

Committees

A part of the League of Nations that dealt with international labor, health, child welfare, drug problems, and women's rights

Commissions

A part of the League of Nations that dealt with mandates, disarmament, refugees, and slavery

International Red Cross

A global humanitarian network that helps people facing conflict, disaster, social and health challenges

Economic Sanctions

Denial of export, import, or financial relations with the target country in an effort to change that nation's policies

Arbitration

A formal method of dispute resolution involving a third party neutral who makes a binding decision

'The War to End All Wars'

A term for World War 1 used as an idealistic slogan

Dawes Plan 1924

A temporary solution that reduced Germany's annual reparation payments, increasing over time as its economy improved; Ended Ruhr Crisis

Young Plan 1929

Removed international control over Germany's economy and reduced total amount of reparations; replaced Dawes Plan

Gold Standard

System where value and economy is linked to gold

Council of Ambassadors

An informal, inter-allied organization that worked closely with the League of Nations after World War 1; France, Britain, Italy, Japan, USA

Vilna 1920

League of Nations failed to resolve dispute between Poland and Lithuania after the Polish invaded the land and refused to leave

Mosul 1924

Dispute over the Kurdish region between Iraq, Turkey, and Britain; Success of the League of Nations, giving Iraq the land without disagreement

Yugoslavia-Albania 1921

War between Yugoslavia and Albania due to hunger for land; Success of the League of Nations after siding with Albania, making Yugoslavia withdraw and neutralize borders

Tsarist Regime

A form of absolute monarchy that ruled the Russian Empire from the time of Ivan III until the Russian Revolution of 1917; Tsarism/Autocratic government

US Senate

Upper chamber of Congress, having 2 representatives per state/100 total senators