Ledogar Lecture Exam 3

What bones form the Os Coxae

Illium, Ischium, and Pubis

What is the site of convergence of the Os Coxae?

The lunate surface, which is covered in hyaline cartilage

What area of the acetabulum does NOT have hyaline cartilage?

The acetabular notch or foramen (girl keeps saying different things…)

Which foramen sits directly under the acetabulum? Its purpose?

Obturator Foramen. It is covered by a membrane and serves as a connection for muscles.

What are the major joints of the boney pelvis?

Lumbosacral, Sacroiliac, Pubic Symphysis, Hip Joint, and the varying pelvic wall ligaments.

Define the Sacroiliac Joint

Synovial, held together by ligaments, very little mobility. Sacrum→ ilium connection, transmits weight from upper body to pelvis.

Define the Pubic Symphysis

Fibrocartilaginous joint between the left and right pubic bones, providing slight movement and stability during walking and childbirth. (sits right between anterior connection of pubis)

Define the hip joint.

A ball-and-socket synovial joint formed by the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis, allowing for a wide range of movement in multiple directions.

Define the sacrospinous ligament.

Connects sacrum to posterior inferior spine. Helps to stabilize boney pelvis.

Define the sacrotuberous ligament.

Connects sacrum to ischial tuberosity, providing pelvic stability and maintaining the position of the sacrum.

List the main differences between male and female boney pelvis.

Males have a more acute subpubic angle, a more heart shaped pelvic inlet, more projecting ischial spines and promontory, a tall and narrow public body, narrow greater sciatic notch, while females have a wider subpubic angle, oval-shaped pelvic inlet, shorter ischial spines and promontory, a broader pelvic body, and a wider greater sciatic notch to accommodate childbirth.

Comparative anatomy to chimpanzee.

Shows differences in pelvic structure that reflect adaptations for bipedalism and childbirth between humans and chimpanzees. Shorter ilium, broad curved ilium, much shorter ischium (sit bone).

Define the pelvic inlet.

This is the boundary between the pelvic and abdominal cavity. It is typically circular or ovular in shape.

Define the pelvic outlet

This is the bottom of the boney pelvis, and is what a fetus is pushed out of during child birth. The pubic arch is formed by the ischial tuberosity and sacrotuberous ligaments.

What are the contents of the true pelvic cavity?

Sigmoid colon and rectum, bladder, distal ureters, proximal urethra, along with the associated vessels and nerves. There are also ovaries and uterus in females, and prostate, seminal vesicle, and part of the vas defers in males.

What is formed from the wrapping of the peritoneum around the uterus and rectum?

The vesicouterine pouch (only in females) and the rectouterine pouch (in both males and females).

Which muscles are part of the lateral pelvic wall?

Piriformis, obturator internus muscle, and the lateral rotators of the thigh.

What makes up the pelvic diaphragm?

Muscles of the pelvic floor which separate the pelvic cavity from the perineum. This helps to support pelvic organs from prolapse (falling out) and allows passage of some structures. Skeletal muscle, s2, 3, 4 keep your ass off the floor (pudendal nerve).

What muscles form the pelvic diaphragm?

Levator ani and coccygeus.

What muscles are part of the elevator ani?

Puborectais, pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus.

Define the pelvic diaphragm.

Has two primary openings (in women) being the urogenital and rectal hiatus. Help to prevent visceral prolapse, and have some other reproductive uses.

What is the pubic diamond (I made that term up)

The combined urogenital triangle and anal triangle.

Define the urogenital triangle.

The roof of the pelvic diaphragm. Contains perineal membrane, some muscles, the bulb of penis, the bulb of vestibule, crus of penis, crus of clitoris, bulbourethral glands, and greater vestibular glands (the urethra and vagina pass through). The floor is the colles’ fascia.

What muscles make up the urogenital triangle?

Above perineal membrane- Deep transverse perineum and the external urethral sphincter. Both are skeletal and innervated by s2,3,4 (pudendal nerve).

Below perineal membrane- superficial transverse perineum, ischicavernosus, and bublosponginosus. All skeletal and innervated by s2,3,4 (pudendal)

Define the anal triangle.

The pelvic diaphragm is the roof (does not have perineal membrane). It contains the anal canal and the external anal sphincter muscle (skeletal s2,3,4 pudendal innervation) which closes the anal canal voluntarily. Think of it as EXternal→ EXtreme need to poop. Its floor is simply subcutaneous tissue.

What structures are in the deep perineal pouch?

External urethral sphincter and deep perineus

What structures are in the superficial perineal pouch?

bulb of penis/ vestibule (covered by bulbosponginosus), curs of penis/clitoris (covered by ischiocavernosus), superficial transverse perineus, bulbourethral glands, and greater vestibular glands.

What makes up the external genitalia?

Females- Mons Pubis, glans clitoris, labia minora, labia majora, urethral orifice, and vaginal orifice.

Males- penile body, penile urethra, vas deferent, gales penis, testis, scrotum, and epididymis.

What are the layers of the bladder?

Adventitia or serosa (outer layer), muscularis (detrusor muscle), mucosa (and submucosa).

What fetal structures change upon the presence or absence of the SRY hormone?

The gonadal ridge forms either the ovaries or testes.

SRY present- paramesonephric duct degenerates, mesonephric duct forms the ductus deferens.

SRY not present- paramesonephric duct forms uterine tubes, mesonepric duct degenerates.

Meso = Men

What are the PRIMARY sex organs?

Testes or Ovaries (gonads) which produce gametes and hormones.

What are the SECONDARY sex organs?

Males- ducts, glands, penis

Females- uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

How does sperm travel through the scrotum to the penile orifice?

Sperm is released through tubules and move through rate testits, then enters epididymis. They mature after 1 month (become motile and ph resistant), then exit through vas (ductus) deferens.

What muscles are in the superficial perineal pouch?

all innervated by pudendal nerve

ischicavernosus- covers crus of penis and clitoris

bulbospongiosus- covers bulb of penis and clitoris

superficial transverse perineus

What is erection?

Tumescence is the vasodilation of deep penile arteries. Parasympathetic innervation of pelvic splanchnic nerves.

ischiocavernosus contracts due to the reflex arc- pudendal nerve

What is ejaculation?

Peristalsis of tubular system (vas deferent, epididymis, seminal vesicle, and prostate)- sympathetic chain innervation

Rhythmic contractions of bulbospongiosus- reflex arc of pudendal nerve

What are the layers of the ovaries?

Ovaries produce oocytes and secrete hormones.

Germinal epithelium- modified visceral peritoneum

Tunica albuginea- collagen

Cortex- dense irregular CT and developing follicles

Medulla- Loose CT and highly vascular

What are the female sex hormones?

FSH- follicle growth

Estrogen- growth of endometrium

What are the steps of the female ovulation cycle?

FSH stimulates follicle growth, estrogen stimulates the growth of endometrium.

Estrogen peaks and induces segue of LH (leutenizing hormone) which induces ovulation.

LH induces formation of corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and estrogen to support uterine lining.

Corpus lutes degrades after 2 weeks.

no fertilization = uterine lining shed

fertilization = developing placenta takes charge of hormone secretion.

What is culdocentesis?

The process of checking for abnormal/ infectious fluid in the rectouterine pouch.

What are the angles of anteflexion/ anteversion? What do they do?

Anteflexion- more on top of bladder

Antiversion- curve into cervix

These bends reduce downward pressure on vaginal canal which PREVENTS PROLAPSE of uterus.

What are the uterine wall layers?

Perimetrium- visceral peritoneum

Myometrium- smooth muscle

Endometrium- connective tissue, vessels, and glands. Functional layer for shedding.

What moves the oocyte?

peristalsis moves oocyte into ovary, which is covered by the fimbriae that help to waft the oocyte into the uterine tube.

What causes ectopic pregnancy?

The lack of full connection between ovaries and uterine tubes. The fimbriae help to waft the oocyte, but do not seal the connection between the ovary and uterine tubes. This sometimes leads to fertilized oocytes that leak into the abdomen and connect to organs.

What are the ligaments of the uterus and ovaries?

Suspensory ligament- holds or suspends ovarian blood vessles

Broad ligament- stabilizes the rest of the structure.

Ovarian and round ligament of uterus- formed by gubernaculum

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus. (also fibularis tertius)

What muscles are in the posterior compartment?

Planters, heads of gastrocnemius, coleus, calcaneal tendon, poplitues, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus.

What are the nervous divisions?

Anterior compartment = ventral division

Posterior compartment = dorsal division

Types of hip movement

Flexion- forward

Extension- backward

Abduction- outward

Adduction- inward

Types of leg (knee) movement

Flexion- bend knee

Extension- straighten knee

Varus- knees angle outward

Valgus- knees angle inward (think disknees or radio rebel)

Movements of the ankle

Plantar flexion- tip toe

Dorsiflexion- on heel

Inversion- invert sole

Eversion- evert sole

Types of foot arch

Medial longitudinal- typical foot arch (inside of foot) toe to heel

Lateral longitudinal- Outer foot arch toe to heel

Transverse- small digit to hallucisT

Types of toe movements

Flexion- bend toes down

Extension- pull toes up

Abduction- stretch toes apart

Adduction- pull toes inwards (relaxed position)