Period 7b Vocab - APUSH

half of the people have the same definition and i've never felt this unsure about vocab terms but gl y'all

Open shop

Open shop

keeping jobs open to nonunion workers

Welfare capitalism

voluntarily offering their employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce their interest in organizing unions

Art deco

captured modernists' simplification of forms while using machine-age materials; many skyscrapers in urban cities made during this era were made in this style

Mass media

new modes of broadcasting that enabled the American people to listen to the same programs; also provided national exposure to regional cultures

Hollywood

where the movie industry centered (a big business in the 1920s

Henry Ford

perfected a system for manufacturing automobiles by means of an assembly line

Charles Lindbergh

a young aviator who thrilled the entire world by flying nonstop across the Atlantic from Long Island to Paris

Modernism

a range of influences, including the changing role of women, the Social Gospel movement, and scientific knowledge, caused large numbers of protestants to define their faith in new ways; historical and critical views of passages in the Bible + accepting Darwin’s theory of evolution w/o abandoning faith

Fundamentalism

protestant preachers condemned the modernists/taught that every word in the Bible was literal; CREATIONISM; blamed modernists for the decline in morals; mostly rural

*Scopes trial

bio teacher in TN (where the teaching of Darwin’s theory of evolution was illegal) taught evolution in his class and was arrested+tried; Darrow (Scopes) v. William Jennings Bryan (fundamentalist/expert on the Bible); man was convicted, but then it was overturned; the line between religion and public schooling remained controversial

Volstead act

the federal law enforcing the Prohibition amendment

21st amendment

repealed the 18th amendment (the Prohibition amendment)

Ku Klux Klan

directed hostility against the AA, Catholics, Jews, foreigners, and suspected Communists; popular in the Midwest and the South; different films and modern advertising portrayed this group as the heroes during Reconstruction

Birth of a Nation

the popular silent film which portrayed the KKK during Reconstruction as the heroes and the White backlash to the race riots; attracted new members to the Klan

Lost generation

the name given by Gertrude Stein to writers who were disillusioned (scorned religion as hypocritical and condemned the sacrifices of wartime as a fraud perpetrated by money interests)

Consumer Culture

a society in which mass production and consumption of nationally advertised products come to dictate much of social life and status

Harlem Renaissance

a period in which an AA community in NY became famous for its concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers

Back-to-Africa movement

a movement, founded by Marcus Garvey, that encouraged those of African descent to return to Africa and their ancestors so that they could have their own empire; get away from the racism and colonize Africa!

Black pride

black people embracing their culture and ideas

Clarence Darrow

famous lawyer from Chicago that defended Scopes in his trial (religion and education line)

Al Capone

the leader of a Chicago major organized crime gang that fought for control of the lucrative bootlegging trade

Sacco and Vanzetti

GREAT EXAMPLE OF RED SCARE PARANOIA; two Italian immigrants who were convicted in a MA court of committing robbery and murder; liberal artists/intellectuals protested that they were convicted and sentenced to die just because they were poor and anarchists

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist during this time period; expressed their disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business-oriented culture; took a life of drinking; This Side of Paradise and The Great Gatsby

Ernest Hemingway

a novelist during this time period; expressed their disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business-oriented culture; expressed unhappiness by going into exile in Europe; The Sun Also Rises

Sinclair Lewis

a novelist during this time period; expressed their disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business-oriented culture; It Can’t Happen Here

T.S Elliot

a novelist during this time period; expressed their disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business-oriented culture; The Wasteland

George Gershwin

a composer and son of Russian-Jewish immigrants, blending jazz and classical music in his symphonic Rhapsody in Blue and the folk opera Porgy and Bess

Sigmund Freud

Austrian psychiatrist who stressed the role of sexual repression in mental illness; Hallbrights fave person for the psych peeps

Langston Hughes

a famous poet during the HARLEM RENAISSANCE; commented on AA heritage through views that ranged from bitterness/resentment to joy/hope

Duke Ellington

an African-American jazz pianist who was popular during the 1920s (the jazz age)

Louis Armstrong

an African-American jazz trumpeter who was popular during the 1920s (the jazz age)

Bessie Smith

famous African-American blues singer during the Harlem renaissance; “Empress of Blues”

Marcus Garvey

brought UNIA to Harlem from Jamaica; advocated individual/racial pride for AA and developed political ideas of Black nationalism; established an organization for Black separatism, economic self-sufficiency, and a back-to-Africa movement

Alfred E. Smith

roman catholic governor of NY that was an opponent of Prohibition; appealed to many immigrant voters in cities; protestants were openly prejudiced against him; was the democratic opponent during the Election of 1928

Black Tuesday

the day that the US stock market crashed; millions of panicky investors ordered their brokers to sell, but no buyers could be found

Dow Jones Index

the list that showed the 30 largest US companies' stocks

Buying on margin

a process by which people would speculate the price of stocks that would go up and that they could sell it for a quick profit; allowed people to borrow most of the cost of the stock, making down payments as low as 10 percent → people relied on a stock increasing to pay the loan

Stock market crash

a rapid and often unanticipated drop in stock prices; the one in 1929 was the start of the Great Depression

Gross national product

the value of all the goods and services produced by the nation in one year

Hawley-Smoot tariff

set tax increases ranging from 31-49 percent on foreign imports; hurt economies around the world because of other tariffs against US imports

Debt moratorium

a suspension of the payment of international debts to steady the economy; the international econ suffered from massive load defaults and banks on both sides of the Atlantic scrambled to meet the demands of the many depositors withdrawing their money

Farm Board

a board authorized to help farmers stabilize prices by temporarily holding surplus grain/cotton in storage; created before the market crash but was realized to be a useful asset during the crash; too modest to handle the continued OP

Reconstruction finance corporation

a federally funded, gov. owned, corp that was created by congress as a measure for propping up faltering railroads, banks, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions; an attempt by the fed gov to become more active in financial markets; to STABILIZE KEY BUSINESSES

Bonus March (1932)

a thousand unemployed WWI vets marched to Washington DC to demand immediate payment of the bonuses promised them at a later date; later set up improvised shacks near the Capitol; after two men died from a clash with the police, MacArthur used tanks of tear gas to destroy the shantytown and drive the vets from Washington → hoover=heartless

New Deal

FDR’s policies that were aimed to solve the problems of the Great Depression; serve the three R’s

Three R’s

relief for the people out of work, recovery for business/economy, and reform of American economic institutions

Hundred days

the calling of the Congress that occurred right after the inauguration of FDR; Congress passed into law every request of President Roosevelt, enacting more major legislation than any single Congress in history.

Bank holiday

the day when all remaining banks were closed to allow enough time for the gov to reorganize them on a sound basis; lasted for 6 days

Fireside chats

FDR’s use of the radio to assure the listeners that banks were safe; used this medium to communicate to the people about the issues with the economy

*Schechter v. US

declared the NRA unconstitutional; the decision encouraged Roosevelt to consider ways to change the makeup of the court

Securities and Exchange Commission

created to regulate the stock market and to place strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that had led to the wall street crash; also required full audits of and financial disclosure by, corporations to PROTECT INVESTORS FROM FRAUD AND INSIDER TRADING

New Deal coalition

a political group that supported the Democrats; NAMED AFTER FDRS NEW PROGRAMS to recover from the depression

Roosevelt recession

a backsliding of the economy that occurred in the winter of 1937 after the gradual fixing of the Depression; economic advisers adopted new theories in 1938 that helped fix this issue, yet overall the belief in FDR + the New Deal was weakened

Supreme Court reorganization plan

a proposal created by FDR for the president to be able to add additional justices into the court for each justice that was older than a certain age; would allow Roosevelt to have 6 more justices in the Court → more liberal persuasion

Congress of industrial organizations

A New Deal-era labor organization that broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in order to organize unskilled industrial workers regardless of their particular economic sector or craft

Fair labor standards act

established several regulations on businesses in interstate commerce; minimum wage, max standard workweek + overpay, and child labor restrictions

Minimum wage

the lowest amount a worker could legally get paid; initially 40 cents an hour

Dust bowl

a severe drought in the early 1930s ruined crops in the Great Plains and transformed this region into this; result of poor farming practices and high winds that blew away millions of tons of dried topsoil