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Triplo-X syndrome
(XXX)
- egg receiving 2 X chromosomes fertilized by X carrying sperm
ā¢Infertile female with mild intellectual impairment
ā¢Disproportionate body.
Klinefelter syndrome
(XXY)
egg receiving 2 X chromosomes fertilized by Y carrying sperm
ā¢Sterile males with average intelligence (undeveloped testes)
ā¢Disproportionate body.
Turner syndrome
(XO)
egg receiving no X chromosomes but fertilized by X carrying sperm
- ā¢97% die before birth
Patau syndrome
trisomy of chromosome 13
Down syndrome
trisomy 21 - most survivable trisomy
- Impaired physical development
- ā¢Outgoing, affectionate personalities
- ā¢Aging eggs have less and less ability to separate their chromosomes
first trimester length
- from fertilization through 12 weeks
Second trimester length
weeks 13 through 24
- ā¢Fetus looks distinctly human
Third trimester length
week 25 to birth
- ā¢Fetus grows rapidly and organs achieve enough cellular differentiation to support life outside of the womb
progeria
genetic defect that greatly accelerates senescence
senescence
the natural physical decline brought about by aging
Embryonic stage -
- begins when all 3 primary germ layers present
Ā§Ectoderm (outer)
ā¢Gives rise to epidermis and nervous system
Endoderm (inner)
ā¢Gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, and among other things
Mesoderm (middle)
Ā§becomes gelatinous tissue - mesenchyme
--ā¢Gives rise to muscle, bone, blood
gestation
growth process from conception to birth
another name for a mature cell
graafian follicle
Ā§Mature (graafian) follicles define
ā¢Normally only one follicle from each month's cohort becomes a mature follicle destined to ovulate (This is the ovulating egg)
what is thelarche
mound of tissue overlying the pectoralis major to form the breast
haploid gametes
sperm and egg
gametes
sex cells
diploid gametes
two copies of each chromosome
Gonads of the female
ovaries
gonads of the male
testes
gonads
primary sex organs
- begin to develop at 5 or 6 weeks as gonadal ridges
Zygote
aka Blastocyst
fertilized egg
- the developing individual is a hollow ball the first 2 weeks
Embryo
from day 16 through 8 weeks
Fetus
- beginning of week 9 to birth
Neonate
newborn to 6 weeks
which sex is the y for
males
which sex is the x for
females
Gubernaculum define
- a connective tissue cord extends from the gonad to the floor of the pelvic cavity
gubernaculum in females
ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus
gubernaculum in males
becomes scrotal ligament AKA gubernacular testis
ideal sperm temp in testes
95 degrees (35 Celsius)
External inguinal ring
inferior entrance to the inguinal canal (enter from bottom up)
Internal inguinal ring
superior exit to the pelvic cavity (enter from top down)
Bacterial STDs
chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis
Viral STDs
genital herpes, genital warts, hepatitis B and C
stages of puberty
thelarche, pubarche, menarche
puberty stage 1.)Thelarche
THE STAGE onset of breast development is the earliest noticeable sign of puberty
- Average age 8
Pubarche is what
appearance of pubic and axillary hair
- Ā§Androgens (testosterone) from ovaries and adrenal cortex stimulates pubarche and libido
Ā§Average age as early as 12-14 (women) and 12-15 in men
Menarche is what
first menstrual period
- ā¢Fat intake definite correlation)
ā¢Leptin stimulates gonadotropin secretion
If body fat and leptin
- ā¢Girls begin ovulating regularly about a year after they begin menstruating
Ovulation-
the rupture of the mature follicle and the release of its egg and attendant cells.
signs of ovulation
Ā§Cervical mucus becomes thinner and more stretchy
Ā§Ā§LH surge occurs about 24 hours prior to ovulation
Ā§Resting body temperature rises 0.4Ā° to 0.6Ā° F
Ā§Twinges of ovarian pain (Mittelschmerz - "cramps")
ovulation hormones are
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone and LH (luteinizing hormone
LH (luteinizing hormone define
ā¢(GnRH)*
-Stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
ā¢(GnRH)*
-Stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles (ovum), and sperm production
how long is sperm viable in the uterus
up to 6 days after ejaculation
how long can eggs remain viable after ovulation
Ā§for 12-24 hours after ovulation
Artificial insemination
implanting of live sperm into the female genital tract
In vitro fertilization
test tube baby
surrogate mothers
uterus for hire
embryo adoption
sperm bank
two parts of the broad ligament
ā¢Mesosalpinx - Area above ovarian ligament
ā¢Mesometrium - Area below ovarian ligament
round ligament
binds the uterus to the anterior body wall
Ovarian ligaments
ā¢Connect ovaries to lateral portion of uterus
ā¢Arises from gubernaclum
Ā§suspensory ligament
ā¢Uterus to lateral abdominal cavity
breast cancer number
occurs in 1 out of 8 American women
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-
- stimulates corpus luteum
-stimulates the secretion of the hormones required to maintain pregnancy
Human chorionic somatotropin (HCS)
- stimulates growth of placenta
Estrogens
(develops) and
maintains female reproductive system)
Progesterone
Primarily acts on the uterus preparing and maintaining it for possible pregnancy in the second half of the menstrual cycle
three forms of estrogen
estrone, estradiol, estriol
Estradiol
Ā§Stimulates vaginal metaplasia (simple cuboidal to stratified squamous)
Ā§Primarily acts on development of female physique
Ā§Stimulates growth of ovaries and secondary sex organs
Ā§Stimulates growth hormone secretion
ovulation is the answer
bursting of the follicle and releasing of the egg TEST QUESTION
Ā§Paraurethral glands/ lesser vestibular bulb (Skene's Glands)
ā¢Location: just inferior to vestibular bulbs / deep to labial majora
ā¢Function :Clotting, lubricant, female ejaculation (FUNCTION IS QUESTIONABLE)
ā¢Homologous to prostate gland
Ā§Greater vestibular glands/ Bartholin's gland
Ā§Location: open into vestibule posterior / internal to labia minora for
Ā§Function: lubrication
Ā§Homologous to bulbourethral gland / Cowpers gland
percentage of sperm in semen
2-5%
Ā§Seminal vesicles
ā¢Forms 60% of semen
ā¢Produce: Seminal vesical fluid
ā¢Contains: sugar, protein, citric acid to nourish sperm
Ā§Prostate gland
ā¢Thin milky secretion forms 30% of semen
ā¢Produces: Prostatic fluid
ā¢Prostatic fluid contains: a base like substance to neutralize the acidity of the vagina
Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands
ā¢Pre-Ejaculatory fluid
ā¢When sexually aroused, the glands produce a mucous-like fluid called pre-ejaculate
ā¢Protects the sperm by neutralizing the acidity of residual urinein the urethra and acts as a lubricant
Homologous to Bartholin's gland in women
Cremaster muscle -
Ā§- strips of the internal abdominal oblique muscleā¢Enmesh the spermatic cord / PULLS TESTES
Dartos muscle
Ā§subcutaneous layer of smooth muscleā¢Contracts when it is cold, wrinkling the scrotum, holding testes against warm body / PULLS SCROTOUM
Pampiniform plexus
Ā§an extensive network of veins from the testes that surround the testicular artery and spermatic cordCountercurrent heat exchanger
midpiece of sperm
ā¢contains mitochondria (energy) which produces ATP for flagellar movement
head of sperm
ā¢Nucleus contains haploid set of chromosomes
ā¢Acrosome - enzyme cap over the apical half of the nucleus that contains enzymes that penetrate the egg
Gestation (pregnancy)- Gestational age
Ā§Lasts an average of 280 days (40 weeks) from conception to childbirth
Include 2 weeks before conception
fetal age
Birth predicted 266 days (38 weeks) from conception
Dizygotic twins
Ā§Two eggs are ovulated and two fertilized forming two zygotes
Ā§No more or less genetically similar than any other siblings
Monozygotic twins
Ā§One egg is fertilized (one zygote) but embryoblast later divides into two
Genetically identical,
triploid twins
two sperm fertilize one egg
ectopic pregnancy
blastocyst implants somewhere other than the uterus
prostate cancer
Ā§Second most common cancer in men after lung cancer
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
noncancerous enlargement of the prostate
prostate
a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid.
what type of response is having an orgasm
sympathetic nervous system type due to Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing greatly elevating
female orgasm signs
ā¢Cervix plunges spasmodically into vagina and pool of semen!!!
ā¢Uterus exhibits peristaltic contraction
ā¢Paraurethral glands (skeene's gland / homologous to the prostate) sometimes expel copious fluid similar to prostatic fluid (female ejaculation)
Tachycardia,
number one birth defect drug
alcohol
premature infants info
infants born weighing under 5.5 lb and or delivered before 37 weeks
where does the zygote implant
the endometrium
where can the egg implement for ectopic pregnancies
in the ovary, the abdomen, and in the lower portion of the uterus (the cervix)
how long is the female sex cycle
28 days
process of giving birth is called what
parturition
penis characterisitics
Ā§Half of the penis is an internal root
Ā§Half is an externally visible shaft
Ā§Average external portion 4 in. long when flaccid (nonerect)
ā¢5 - 7 inches long when erect (Average)
cervical cancer age range
common among women 30-50
breast cancer signs
Signs may include palpable lump (the tumor), skin puckering, changes in skin texture, and drainage from nipple
- Most breast cancer is nonhereditary