final lecture ap2 im going bonkers send help

Triplo-X syndrome

(XXX)
- egg receiving 2 X chromosomes fertilized by X carrying sperm
•Infertile female with mild intellectual impairment
•Disproportionate body.

Klinefelter syndrome

(XXY)
egg receiving 2 X chromosomes fertilized by Y carrying sperm
•Sterile males with average intelligence (undeveloped testes)
•Disproportionate body.

Turner syndrome

(XO)
egg receiving no X chromosomes but fertilized by X carrying sperm
- •97% die before birth

Patau syndrome

trisomy of chromosome 13

Down syndrome

trisomy 21 - most survivable trisomy
- Impaired physical development
- •Outgoing, affectionate personalities
- •Aging eggs have less and less ability to separate their chromosomes

first trimester length

- from fertilization through 12 weeks

Second trimester length

weeks 13 through 24
- •Fetus looks distinctly human

Third trimester length

week 25 to birth
- •Fetus grows rapidly and organs achieve enough cellular differentiation to support life outside of the womb

progeria

genetic defect that greatly accelerates senescence

senescence

the natural physical decline brought about by aging

Embryonic stage -

- begins when all 3 primary germ layers present

§Ectoderm (outer)

•Gives rise to epidermis and nervous system

Endoderm (inner)

•Gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, and among other things

Mesoderm (middle)

§becomes gelatinous tissue - mesenchyme
--•Gives rise to muscle, bone, blood

gestation

growth process from conception to birth

another name for a mature cell

graafian follicle

§Mature (graafian) follicles define

•Normally only one follicle from each month's cohort becomes a mature follicle destined to ovulate (This is the ovulating egg)

what is thelarche

mound of tissue overlying the pectoralis major to form the breast

haploid gametes

sperm and egg

gametes

sex cells

diploid gametes

two copies of each chromosome

Gonads of the female

ovaries

gonads of the male

testes

gonads

primary sex organs
- begin to develop at 5 or 6 weeks as gonadal ridges

Zygote

aka Blastocyst
fertilized egg
- the developing individual is a hollow ball the first 2 weeks

Embryo

from day 16 through 8 weeks

Fetus

- beginning of week 9 to birth

Neonate

newborn to 6 weeks

which sex is the y for

males

which sex is the x for

females

Gubernaculum define

- a connective tissue cord extends from the gonad to the floor of the pelvic cavity

gubernaculum in females

ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus

gubernaculum in males

becomes scrotal ligament AKA gubernacular testis

ideal sperm temp in testes

95 degrees (35 Celsius)

External inguinal ring

inferior entrance to the inguinal canal (enter from bottom up)

Internal inguinal ring

superior exit to the pelvic cavity (enter from top down)

Bacterial STDs

chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis

Viral STDs

genital herpes, genital warts, hepatitis B and C

stages of puberty

thelarche, pubarche, menarche

puberty stage 1.)Thelarche

THE STAGE onset of breast development is the earliest noticeable sign of puberty
- Average age 8

Pubarche is what

appearance of pubic and axillary hair
- §Androgens (testosterone) from ovaries and adrenal cortex stimulates pubarche and libido
§Average age as early as 12-14 (women) and 12-15 in men

Menarche is what

first menstrual period
- •Fat intake definite correlation)
•Leptin stimulates gonadotropin secretion
If body fat and leptin
- •Girls begin ovulating regularly about a year after they begin menstruating

Ovulation-

the rupture of the mature follicle and the release of its egg and attendant cells.

signs of ovulation

§Cervical mucus becomes thinner and more stretchy
§§LH surge occurs about 24 hours prior to ovulation
§Resting body temperature rises 0.4° to 0.6° F
§Twinges of ovarian pain (Mittelschmerz - "cramps")

ovulation hormones are

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone and LH (luteinizing hormone

LH (luteinizing hormone define

•(GnRH)*
-Stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

•(GnRH)*
-Stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles (ovum), and sperm production

how long is sperm viable in the uterus

up to 6 days after ejaculation

how long can eggs remain viable after ovulation

§for 12-24 hours after ovulation

Artificial insemination

implanting of live sperm into the female genital tract

In vitro fertilization

test tube baby

surrogate mothers

uterus for hire

embryo adoption

sperm bank

two parts of the broad ligament

•Mesosalpinx - Area above ovarian ligament
•Mesometrium - Area below ovarian ligament

round ligament

binds the uterus to the anterior body wall

Ovarian ligaments

•Connect ovaries to lateral portion of uterus
•Arises from gubernaclum

§suspensory ligament

•Uterus to lateral abdominal cavity

breast cancer number

occurs in 1 out of 8 American women

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-

- stimulates corpus luteum

-stimulates the secretion of the hormones required to maintain pregnancy

Human chorionic somatotropin (HCS)

- stimulates growth of placenta

Estrogens

(develops) and
maintains female reproductive system)

Progesterone

Primarily acts on the uterus preparing and maintaining it for possible pregnancy in the second half of the menstrual cycle

three forms of estrogen

estrone, estradiol, estriol

Estradiol

§Stimulates vaginal metaplasia (simple cuboidal to stratified squamous)
§Primarily acts on development of female physique
§Stimulates growth of ovaries and secondary sex organs
§Stimulates growth hormone secretion

ovulation is the answer

bursting of the follicle and releasing of the egg TEST QUESTION

§Paraurethral glands/ lesser vestibular bulb (Skene's Glands)

•Location: just inferior to vestibular bulbs / deep to labial majora
•Function :Clotting, lubricant, female ejaculation (FUNCTION IS QUESTIONABLE)
•Homologous to prostate gland

§Greater vestibular glands/ Bartholin's gland

§Location: open into vestibule posterior / internal to labia minora for
§Function: lubrication
§Homologous to bulbourethral gland / Cowpers gland

percentage of sperm in semen

2-5%

§Seminal vesicles

•Forms 60% of semen
•Produce: Seminal vesical fluid
•Contains: sugar, protein, citric acid to nourish sperm

§Prostate gland

•Thin milky secretion forms 30% of semen
•Produces: Prostatic fluid
•Prostatic fluid contains: a base like substance to neutralize the acidity of the vagina

Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands

•Pre-Ejaculatory fluid
•When sexually aroused, the glands produce a mucous-like fluid called pre-ejaculate
•Protects the sperm by neutralizing the acidity of residual urinein the urethra and acts as a lubricant
Homologous to Bartholin's gland in women

Cremaster muscle -

§- strips of the internal abdominal oblique muscle•Enmesh the spermatic cord / PULLS TESTES

Dartos muscle

§subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle•Contracts when it is cold, wrinkling the scrotum, holding testes against warm body / PULLS SCROTOUM

Pampiniform plexus

§an extensive network of veins from the testes that surround the testicular artery and spermatic cordCountercurrent heat exchanger

midpiece of sperm

•contains mitochondria (energy) which produces ATP for flagellar movement

head of sperm

•Nucleus contains haploid set of chromosomes

•Acrosome - enzyme cap over the apical half of the nucleus that contains enzymes that penetrate the egg

Gestation (pregnancy)- Gestational age

§Lasts an average of 280 days (40 weeks) from conception to childbirth
Include 2 weeks before conception

fetal age

Birth predicted 266 days (38 weeks) from conception

Dizygotic twins

§Two eggs are ovulated and two fertilized forming two zygotes
§No more or less genetically similar than any other siblings

Monozygotic twins

§One egg is fertilized (one zygote) but embryoblast later divides into two
Genetically identical,

triploid twins

two sperm fertilize one egg

ectopic pregnancy

blastocyst implants somewhere other than the uterus

prostate cancer

§Second most common cancer in men after lung cancer

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

noncancerous enlargement of the prostate

prostate

a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in male mammals and releasing prostatic fluid.

what type of response is having an orgasm

sympathetic nervous system type due to Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing greatly elevating

female orgasm signs

•Cervix plunges spasmodically into vagina and pool of semen!!!
•Uterus exhibits peristaltic contraction
•Paraurethral glands (skeene's gland / homologous to the prostate) sometimes expel copious fluid similar to prostatic fluid (female ejaculation)
Tachycardia,

number one birth defect drug

alcohol

premature infants info

infants born weighing under 5.5 lb and or delivered before 37 weeks

where does the zygote implant

the endometrium

where can the egg implement for ectopic pregnancies

in the ovary, the abdomen, and in the lower portion of the uterus (the cervix)

how long is the female sex cycle

28 days

process of giving birth is called what

parturition

penis characterisitics

§Half of the penis is an internal root
§Half is an externally visible shaft
§Average external portion 4 in. long when flaccid (nonerect)
•5 - 7 inches long when erect (Average)

cervical cancer age range

common among women 30-50

breast cancer signs

Signs may include palpable lump (the tumor), skin puckering, changes in skin texture, and drainage from nipple
- Most breast cancer is nonhereditary