Studied by 60 people
Single new world
Many countries made up a new world
Forms of status came from the Old world
Vasco de gama
Portuguese maritime voyager who went around tip of Africa and into Indian Ocean
Motives
Desire for tropical spices
Other Asian goods
Gold, glory, god
European trade with east: Muslim control
Many gods went through Mediterranean world
Source was in Muslim world
Muslim Egypt was primary point to transfer goods
European growth/recovery
Followed Black Death
Now euro pop was growing
It’s national monarchies learned to tax and build military
Venice
Italian city that monopolized euro trade in eastern goods; same powers disliked relying on it
Genoa also popular for ships
Preste john
Mythical Christian monarch who ruled somewhere in Asia or Africa
Joined crusade’s effort to combat islamic enemies
E shortage of bullion
European required to pay cash
Need was temporarily fixed by Mexico and Bolivia silver
China mercantilist power did not want to trade
Trade deficit
Contributed to intense desire for gold
More goods sold then acquired
Mexican Bolivian silver/African gold
Supplied currency
Portuguese exploration
Went to Africa for trade
Knew no major power Were more powerful
Killed when it gave them the advantage
Trading post empire
Highly profitable
Mombasa, Hormuz, goa, malacca
Fortified spots at key points
Magellan
Portuguese voyager who sailed for the Spanish crown
Found archipelago
Established Spanish claim on the Philippines
Circumnavigated the world
Spain/ philipines
Colonized by Spain
Pressure to form organized groups/towns and gave large estates to Christian Filipinos
Spanish until 1898
Portuguese decline/Dutch and British
entered Indian Ocean in 17th century
Dutch was commercialization
Both organized ventures through private trading companies
Portuguese didn’t have a lot of control in trade
Dutch and British east India company
Received charters granting them trading monopolies and the power to make war
Opposed one another
Dutch was in Indonesia
England in India
Dutch were brutal
Dutch rule/ spice islands
dutch ruled a few islands harshly called the spice islands
Taiwan
Dutch East India company was there for a little —> hoped to get deerskins and other products for export
Opened for Chinese immigration
Co colonized with the chinese
British in India/ mughal
3 major trading settlements (Bombay, Calcutta, madras)
Posts secured with permission of Mughal authorization
Dutch kept them out of spice empire so they worked with Mughals to get control
Carrying trade
Profits enable them to purchase Asian goods without paying in gold or silver
Goods were carried continuously on ships —> make money without having money
European/ Asian trade
Europe heavily involved
Europe was not that present
Europe was one competitor among many in Indian ocean
Japan 16 cent
Fighting between feudal lords
Illustrates resistance of European power
Europeans wanted to trade and evangelize.
Samurai and daimoyo
Feudal lords called d had warriors called s
Fought
Shogun/Tokugawa
Military commander
Hailed from this family
Imposed many tactics so no rebellion
Policies
Forbade Japanese travel abroad
Execution of missionaries from Europe
Many European traders banned
Japan closed boarders
Dutch alllowed only in Nagasaki bc they did not evangelize
Non European trade in Indian ocean
Arab, India, Chinese, Javanese, Malay, Vietnamese and others benefited from seaborne commerce
Chinese lived in port cities
Merchants were often women
Silver the global network
Spanish America produced 85% of it
One of the first major commodities of a global scale
China demanded use of it which increased value
There was a global network of it
Silver drain and piece of eight
Most silver wound up in China
Many Chinese Portuguese and Dutch traders came to trade for silver
Po8was the standard silver coin in Spain
Potosí
In Uruguay
Site of huge mining operation
Bad working conditions
Impact on Spain
Enriched the crown —> made Europe jealous of spain
Country now able to pursue military and political ambitions
Did not change Spanish economy
Caused inflation due to English raiding Spanish ships
Japan, china
Japan produced silver and had market based economy around it
China had to sell things for silver—> economy now. Economy regionally specialized
Fur trade/ sources
Major trade item
Europe had little animals because of LiA and other conditions
Most wealthy area for this was North America
Carrying trade
there were many countries trading
Beaver
Fashionable
Very popular form of fur
Almost went extinct because of over-hunting
LiA increased demands for it
Found in North America and Siberia
Native American methods
Brought Europeans furs and skins
We’re paid in other items such as rum or blankets
Cheap labor
Hunter trapped processed and transported the fur
Environmental impact
Overexploited the animals and made it worse
Native impact
Disease exploitation and addiction to European alcohol
Women married European traders
These women were sometimes left by these men
Put down by men trapping fur
Russian trade
Very profitable
Enriched Russian state
Siberian people became dependent on Russian goods
Hostages taken from Siberia to demand payment
Pre-1500 slave trade
Mediterranean and Indian Ocean areas were sources
Societies practiced slavery in Africa
Trans-Saharan slave trade gave African slaves to Mediterranean world
Different types of slavery
Only in Ancient Greece there were as much widespread slavery as the modern world
Slavic’s people were slaves
Differences with Atlantic trade
Atlantic became identified wholly with Africa and color of skin
Based on plantation and agricultural needs
Slaves inherited
Atlantic slave trade became bigger
Sugar
Not common until after crusades
Very laborious to make
Because of conditions of making it, became associated with slavery
Slavs to Africans
After seize of Constantinople Slavs cut off
These people were the first slaves until after
Then after this people went to Africa for slaves
Racism
May have started in Europe bc of slave trade
Regardless of where it started, Europe took it and made it associated with slavery
Trade roles: Africans
Participated in Atlantic slave trade
Some were able to defend itself from Portuguese
These people sought European and Indian textiles
Europeans
Purchased African items with silver mined in America, connecting the slave trade
Middle passage
The ships going from Africa to Americas with slaves
Very poor condtions
Many slaves died annually, but same number of crew died on the voyage
Trade over time
The highest point of slavery was between 1700 and 1850
16th century very small but greatly increased until 1850
Geography sources and destinations
Drew from west and south central Africa
Focused on coastal areas and marigijak people
Most ended up in Brazil or Caribbean bc of high demand
Small numbers in north and Spanish America
Rebellions
10% of voyages had one
Spanned severity levels
major fear of slave owners
Only successful one was Haitian in 1790
Consequences: Africa
Did t cause population collapse but did take a toll
Slowed growth of population and economy
Provided little positive change in Africa
Women were put down
Introduction of new foods that stimulated population
Foster moral corruption
Differences within
Small scale kingdoms were thoroughly impacted
Larger kingdoms like Kongo and Oyó fell
Some avoided it by location while changing exports
Some were very involved in slave trade
Early modern globalization v modern
Economy was very different (all over compared to just one or two areas like today)
Economy is still fueled by human labor produced things
No territorial empires
