Chapter 5.2 AP World

Single new world

• Many countries made up a new world

• Forms of status came from the Old world

Vasco de gama

• Portuguese maritime voyager who went around tip of Africa and into Indian Ocean

Motives

• Desire for tropical spices

• Other Asian goods

• Gold, glory, god

European trade with east: Muslim control

• Many gods went through Mediterranean world

• Source was in Muslim world

• Muslim Egypt was primary point to transfer goods

European growth/recovery

• Followed Black Death

• Now euro pop was growing

• It’s national monarchies learned to tax and build military

Venice

• Italian city that monopolized euro trade in eastern goods; same powers disliked relying on it

• Genoa also popular for ships

Preste john

• Mythical Christian monarch who ruled somewhere in Asia or Africa

• Joined crusade’s effort to combat islamic enemies

E shortage of bullion

• European required to pay cash

• Need was temporarily fixed by Mexico and Bolivia silver

• China mercantilist power did not want to trade

Trade deficit

• Contributed to intense desire for gold

• More goods sold then acquired

Mexican Bolivian silver/African gold

• Supplied currency

Portuguese exploration

• Went to Africa for trade

• Knew no major power Were more powerful

• Killed when it gave them the advantage

Trading post empire

• Highly profitable

• Mombasa, Hormuz, goa, malacca

• Fortified spots at key points

Magellan

• Portuguese voyager who sailed for the Spanish crown

• Found archipelago

• Established Spanish claim on the Philippines

• Circumnavigated the world

Spain/ philipines

• Colonized by Spain

• Pressure to form organized groups/towns and gave large estates to Christian Filipinos

• Spanish until 1898

Portuguese decline/Dutch and British

• entered Indian Ocean in 17th century

• Dutch was commercialization

• Both organized ventures through private trading companies

• Portuguese didn’t have a lot of control in trade

Dutch and British east India company

• Received charters granting them trading monopolies and the power to make war

• Opposed one another

• Dutch was in Indonesia

• England in India

• Dutch were brutal

Dutch rule/ spice islands

• dutch ruled a few islands harshly called the spice islands

Taiwan

• Dutch East India company was there for a little —> hoped to get deerskins and other products for export

• Opened for Chinese immigration

• Co colonized with the chinese

British in India/ mughal

• 3 major trading settlements (Bombay, Calcutta, madras)

• Posts secured with permission of Mughal authorization

• Dutch kept them out of spice empire so they worked with Mughals to get control

Carrying trade

• Profits enable them to purchase Asian goods without paying in gold or silver

• Goods were carried continuously on ships —> make money without having money

European/ Asian trade

Europe heavily involved

Europe was not that present

Europe was one competitor among many in Indian ocean

Japan 16 cent

• Fighting between feudal lords

• Illustrates resistance of European power

• Europeans wanted to trade and evangelize.

Samurai and daimoyo

• Feudal lords called d had warriors called s

• Fought

Shogun/Tokugawa

• Military commander

• Hailed from this family

• Imposed many tactics so no rebellion

Policies

• Forbade Japanese travel abroad

• Execution of missionaries from Europe

• Many European traders banned

• Japan closed boarders

• Dutch alllowed only in Nagasaki bc they did not evangelize

Non European trade in Indian ocean

• Arab, India, Chinese, Javanese, Malay, Vietnamese and others benefited from seaborne commerce

• Chinese lived in port cities

• Merchants were often women

Silver the global network

• Spanish America produced 85% of it

• One of the first major commodities of a global scale

• China demanded use of it which increased value

• There was a global network of it

Silver drain and piece of eight

• Most silver wound up in China

• Many Chinese Portuguese and Dutch traders came to trade for silver

• Po8was the standard silver coin in Spain

Potosí

• In Uruguay

• Site of huge mining operation

• Bad working conditions

Impact on Spain

• Enriched the crown —> made Europe jealous of spain

• Country now able to pursue military and political ambitions

• Did not change Spanish economy

• Caused inflation due to English raiding Spanish ships

Japan, china

• Japan produced silver and had market based economy around it

• China had to sell things for silver—> economy now. Economy regionally specialized

Fur trade/ sources

• Major trade item

• Europe had little animals because of LiA and other conditions

• Most wealthy area for this was North America

Carrying trade

• there were many countries trading

Beaver

• Fashionable

• Very popular form of fur

• Almost went extinct because of over-hunting

• LiA increased demands for it

• Found in North America and Siberia

Native American methods

• Brought Europeans furs and skins

• We’re paid in other items such as rum or blankets

• Cheap labor

• Hunter trapped processed and transported the fur

Environmental impact

Overexploited the animals and made it worse

Native impact

• Disease exploitation and addiction to European alcohol

• Women married European traders

• These women were sometimes left by these men

• Put down by men trapping fur

Russian trade

• Very profitable

• Enriched Russian state

• Siberian people became dependent on Russian goods

• Hostages taken from Siberia to demand payment

Pre-1500 slave trade

• Mediterranean and Indian Ocean areas were sources

• Societies practiced slavery in Africa

• Trans-Saharan slave trade gave African slaves to Mediterranean world

• Different types of slavery

• Only in Ancient Greece there were as much widespread slavery as the modern world

• Slavic’s people were slaves

Differences with Atlantic trade

• Atlantic became identified wholly with Africa and color of skin

• Based on plantation and agricultural needs

• Slaves inherited

• Atlantic slave trade became bigger

Sugar

• Not common until after crusades

• Very laborious to make

• Because of conditions of making it, became associated with slavery

Slavs to Africans

• After seize of Constantinople Slavs cut off

• These people were the first slaves until after

• Then after this people went to Africa for slaves

Racism

• May have started in Europe bc of slave trade

• Regardless of where it started, Europe took it and made it associated with slavery

Trade roles: Africans

• Participated in Atlantic slave trade

• Some were able to defend itself from Portuguese

• These people sought European and Indian textiles

Europeans

Purchased African items with silver mined in America, connecting the slave trade

Middle passage

• The ships going from Africa to Americas with slaves

• Very poor condtions

• Many slaves died annually, but same number of crew died on the voyage

Trade over time

• The highest point of slavery was between 1700 and 1850

• 16th century very small but greatly increased until 1850

Geography sources and destinations

• Drew from west and south central Africa

• Focused on coastal areas and marigijak people

• Most ended up in Brazil or Caribbean bc of high demand

• Small numbers in north and Spanish America

Rebellions

• 10% of voyages had one

• Spanned severity levels

• major fear of slave owners

• Only successful one was Haitian in 1790

Consequences: Africa

• Did t cause population collapse but did take a toll

• Slowed growth of population and economy

• Provided little positive change in Africa

• Women were put down

• Introduction of new foods that stimulated population

• Foster moral corruption

Differences within

• Small scale kingdoms were thoroughly impacted

• Larger kingdoms like Kongo and Oyó fell

• Some avoided it by location while changing exports

• Some were very involved in slave trade

Early modern globalization v modern

• Economy was very different (all over compared to just one or two areas like today)

• Economy is still fueled by human labor produced things

No territorial empires