ap psych unit 4 test

Attribution

The process of explaining the causes of one’s behavior.

Internal Attribution

Attributing behavior to personal or dispositional factors.

External Attribution

Attributing behavior to situational factors.

Explanatory Style

Predictable patterns of how people explain good or bad events.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal factors.

Actor/Observer Bias

The tendency to attribute others’ behavior to internal causes while attributing our own behavior to external causes.

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to take personal credit for positive outcomes and blame external causes for failures.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to remember information that confirms one’s own biases.

Bystander Effect

A phenomenon where chances of helping decrease as the number of people present increases.

Social Exchange Theory

The theory that we help others when the benefits of helping outweigh the costs.

Altruism

An unselfish concern for another's welfare.

Deindividuation

A phenomenon where an individual loses their sense of self in a group.

Cognitive Dissonance

The psychological discomfort experienced when one's beliefs are inconsistent with their behaviors.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A theory stating that emotion arises from physiological arousal and awareness of that arousal.

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Emotion is based on the interpretation of physiological arousal.

Eustress

Positive stress that results from striving toward a challenge.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory of human motivation outlining a hierarchy of needs from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

General Adaptation Syndrome

Hans Selye's three-stage response to stress: alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Humanistic Perspective

A psychological perspective that emphasizes personal growth and the concept of self-actualization.

Cognitive Perspective

A perspective that explores how our thoughts shape our feelings and behaviors.

Reciprocal Determinism

The concept that personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences interact and shape each other.

Collectivist Culture

A culture that prioritizes the well-being of the group over individual interests.

Trait Perspective

A focus on identifying and measuring individual traits that predict behavior.

Big Five Personality Traits

A model describing five key dimensions of personality: extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and emotional stability.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A standardized psychometric test of personality that assesses various psychological conditions.