Psychology (HL) Overview Year 12

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key concepts, definitions, and studies related to the Psychology HL curriculum for Year 12 students.

What is Psychology?

The scientific study of the mind and behavior.

What are the three main approaches in psychology explored in HL?

Biological, Cognitive, and Sociocultural approaches.

What does the Biological Approach focus on?

The influence of biology, including genes, brain structures, hormones, and neurotransmitters on behavior.

What is the key principle of the Cognitive Approach?

It focuses on mental processes such as memory, perception, and problem-solving.

What does the Sociocultural Approach examine?

How social and cultural contexts influence behavior.

Define 'Bias' in the context of psychological research.

A limitation in objective thinking, leading to skewed perceptions and conclusions.

What is Causality in psychology?

The investigation of cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

What is meant by 'Change' in psychological research?

How theories and findings can be applied to change behaviors and promote positive outcomes.

What do psychologists mean by 'Measurements'?

The challenge of observing and quantifying human behavior accurately.

What is the importance of Ethical principles in psychological research?

To ensure the protection and respect of participants, minimizing harm and ensuring informed consent.

What is 'Informed Consent'?

The process of providing potential participants with comprehensive information about a study before they agree to participate.

What does the Dual Process Model suggest about thinking?

There are two modes of thinking: System 1 (fast, instinctive) and System 2 (slow, deliberate).

What is Classical Conditioning?

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflexive response after conditioning.

Who conducted the famous experiment involving Classical Conditioning with dogs?

Ivan Pavlov.

What is Operant Conditioning?

A learning process where behavior is modified by rewards or punishments.

Who is associated with the theory of Operant Conditioning?

B.F. Skinner.

What is Social Learning Theory?

A theory proposing that people learn behaviors through observation and imitation of others.

What did Bandura’s Bobo Doll study demonstrate?

Children imitate aggressive behavior when they observe it, especially if the behavior is rewarded.

What is the role of 'self-efficacy' in Social Learning Theory?

It refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations.

What does Cognitive Load Theory emphasize?

The limitations of working memory and how it affects learning.

What is the difference between Eustress and Distress?

Eustress is positive stress that can motivate, while distress is negative stress that can be overwhelming.

What are the effects of chronic stress on health?

Chronic stress can lead to various health problems, including mental health disorders and physical illnesses.

Describe the Diathesis-Stress Model.

A model explaining that mental disorders arise from the interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental stressors.

What does 'Social Comparison Theory' suggest?

People determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others.

What is the aim of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

To change maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors through structured therapy.

What is a key barrier to effective research in Psychology?

Measurement difficulties inherent in evaluating complex human behaviors.

Explain 'Anchoring Bias'.

The tendency to rely on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions.

What is the significance of the Multi-Store Model of Memory?

It describes memory as having three distinct stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

How does self-control affect social media addiction?

Higher levels of self-control can help individuals limit excessive social media use.

What did Cheng et al. (2021) study reveal about social media addiction?

Prevalence rates for social media addiction vary across cultures and depend on diagnostic criteria.

What is the purpose of prevention strategies in health psychology?

To avoid the onset of health problems through proactive measures.

What are the key components of stress according to Lazarus's cognitive appraisal theory?

Primary appraisal (evaluation of threat) and secondary appraisal (evaluation of coping resources).