Other endocrine glands

pineal gland

decreases in size after puberty; secretes melatonin which regulates sleep patterns; production stimulated by darkness

thyroid gland

either side of trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiordothyronine, and calcitonin

thyroxine

hormone secreted by thyroid glandd that regulates metabolism, growth and development

triiodothyronine

secreted by thyroid gland and increases rate of metabolism

parathyroid gland

one of four glands on back of thyroid gland; sec

parathyroid hormone

increase calcium in blood and phosphate levels in urine

calcitonin

released specifically by C - cells; reduces reabsorption of calcium by kidneys and the breakdown of bone; moves phosphate into bone and reduces reabsorption by kidneys

thymus

located in chest behind heart and shrinks after puberty; secretes thymosins

thymosins

influence maturation of t lymphocytes

adrenal medulla

inner portion of adrenal gland; secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline

adrenaline

prepares body for fight or flight response

noradrenaline

increases rate and force of heartbeat

adrenal cortex

outer portion of adrenal glands; secrete aldosterone and cortisol

aldosterone

reduce sodium in urine and increase potassium

cortisol

promotes normal metabolism

pancreas

endocrine and exocrine gland; secrete insulin and glucagon

insulin

decrease blood sugar level

glucagon

increase blood sugar level

androgen

male sex hormones produced by testes; responsible for development and maintenance of male sex characteristics

oestrogen

regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy

progesterone

prepare uterine lining for fertilised egg

list endocrine tissues

• stomach

• small intestine

• kidneys

• heart

• placenta