PTA 220 Test 2 - Chapters 17-20

Iliac Crest

bony area that your hands rest on when you put your hands on your hips

anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

the projection at the anterior end of the iliac crest. the tensor fascia lata and sartorius muscles and inguinal ligament attach here

anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)

the projection to which the rectus femoris attaches

Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)

it is the posterior projection on the iliac crest

posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)

located just below the PSIS

pelvic girdle motions

anterior tilt, posterior tilt, lateral tilt, rotation

hip motions

abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, flexion, extension, hyperextension

functions of the pelvis

supports weight of body

receives ground forces

supports and protects pelvic viscera

provides attachment for muscles

makes up bony portion of birth canal

four bones of pelvis

sacrum

coccyx

2 hip bones

four joints of pelvis

2 sacroiliac joints

pubic symphysis

lumbosacral joint

false pelvis

- greater or major pelvis

- bony area between the iliac creates

- superior to pelvic inlet

- no pelvic organs

true pelvis

- lesser or minor pelvis

- lies between the pelvic inlet & outlet

- makes up pelvic cavity

- contains portions of GI tract, urinary tract, and some organs

- forms brith canal in females

sacroiliac joint structure

synovial & nonaxial joint

functions

sacroiliac joint motion

nutation and counternutation

Nutation

sacral flexion, occurs when the base of the sacrum moves anteriorly and inferiorly

Counternutation

sacral extension, occurs when the base of the sacrum moves posteriorly and superiorly

increased lordosis

increased angles

decreased lordosis

decreased angles

Hip Joint Capsule

iliofemoral ligament

pubofemoral ligament

ischiofemoral ligament

iliofemoral ligament

- anterior side of hip

- protects from too much hyperextension

- "Y" ligament

pubofemoral ligament

- medial/inferior to hip

- limits hyperextension and abduction

ischiofemoral ligament

- posterior to hip and

- limits hyperextension and medial rotation

anterior muscles of the hip

iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius

medial muscles of the hip

pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis

posterior muscles of the hip

gluteus maximus, deep rotators, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris

lateral muscles of the hip

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae

Deep Rotator Muscles

Piriformis

Gemellus superior

Obturator internus

Gemellus inferior

Obturator externals

Quadratus femoris

anterior muscles of hip

flexors

posterior muscles of hip

extensors

medial muscles of hip

adductors

lateral muscles of hip

abductors

action: hip flexion

muscles: rectus femoris, iliopsoas, pectineus

action: combination of hip flexion and abduction

muscle: tensor fascia lata

action: combination of hip flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation

muscle: sartorius

action: hip extension

muscles: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus

action: hip adduction

muscles: adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, pectineus

action: hip abduction

muscles: gluteus minimus, gluteus medius

action: hip internal (medial) rotation

muscles: gluteus minimus

action: hip external (lateral) rotation

muscles: gluteus maximus, deep rotators

joint classification of knee

synovial hinge joint

normal ROM for knee extension

0 degrees

normal ROM for knee flexion

120-135 degrees

end feel for knee flexion

soft

end feel for knee extension

firm

patellofemoral joint

articulation between the patella and the femur

function of the patella

increases mechanical advantage of the quadriceps muscle and protects the knee joint

bones that make up the knee

femur, tibia, patella

ACL function

prevents anterior displacement of tibia on femur

PCL function

prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur

pes anserine

"goose foot" - muscle group made up of the sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus

popliteal space

area behind the knee that contains important nerves and blood vessels

bursae of the knee

sacs that contain fluid to decrease friction

plica

developmental leftover

posterior glide of the tibia on the femur

concave on convex, tibia moves posteriorly, increases knee flexion

posterior glide of femur on the tibia

convex on concave, femur moves posteriorly, increases knee extension

anterior muscles of the knee

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis

posterior muscles of the kene

semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, popliteus, gastrocnemius, gracilis, sartorius

lateral muscle of the knee

tensor fascia lata

muscles responsible for knee extension

rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis, vastus lateralis

muscles responsible for knee flexion

semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, popliteus, gastrocnemius

Q angle

the angle between the quadriceps muscle and the patellar tendon. in knee extension the angle ranges from 13-19°. the angle tends to be greater in females because the pelvis is wider.

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)

a flat, broad ligament attaching to the medial condyles of the femur and tibia. provides medial stability and prevents excessive motion if there is a blow to the lateral side of the knee.

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

round, cordlike ligament attaching to the lateral condyles of the femur and runs down to the head of the fibula. it provides stability and prevents excessive motion if there is a blow the medial side of the knee.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

prevents anterior displacement of tibia on femur

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

prevents posterior displacement of tibia on femur

Meniscus of the Knee

functions to help distribute weight bearing forces and reduce friction between joint surfaces

(made of fibrocartilage)

Medial Longitudinal Arch

- Runs from the calcaneus anteriorly through the talus, navicular, and three cuneiforms anteriorly to the first three metatarsals

- Depresses somewhat during weight-bearing and then recoils when the weight is removed. Normally, it never flattens or touches the ground

Lateral Longitudinal Arch

- Runs from the calcaneus anteriorly through the cuboid to the fourth and fifth metatarsals

- Normally rests on ground during weight-bearing

Transverse Arch

- Runs from side to side through the three cuneiforms to the cuboid

- Keystone is 2nd cuneiform

talocrural joint

- the true ankle joint

- made up of distal tibia and lateral malleolus of the fibula

- tenon and mortise joint

extrinsic muscles of ankle/foot

muscles that originate on tibia, fibula, or femur

intrinsic muscles of ankle/foot

muscles that originate on one of the tarsal bones

Muscles of ankle and foot - Superficial Posterior Group

Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris

action: Plantar Flexion

Muscles of ankle and foot - Deep Posterior Group

Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Hallucis Longus, Flexor Digitorum Longus

actions: Plantar Flexion, Inversion, Lesser/Greater Toe Flexion

Muscles of ankle and foot - Anterior Group

Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Hallucis Longus, Extensor Digitorum Longus

actions: Dorsiflexion, Inversion, Lesser/Greater Toe Extension

Muscles of ankle and foot - Lateral Group

Fibularis Longus, Fibularis Brevis, Fibularis Tertius

Dorsal Surface muscles

- Extensor digitorum brevis

- Extensor hallucis brevis

Plantar Surface muscles

- Abductor Hallucis

- Flexor Digitorum Brevis

- Abductor Digiti Minimi

- Quadratus Plantae

- Lumbricals

- Flexor Hallicus Brevis

- Adductor Hallucis

- Flexor Digiti Minimi

- Dorsal Interossei

- Plantar Interossei

Isometric Contraction

joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction

Concentric Contraction

joint angle changes and muscle length shortens

Eccentric Contraction

joint angle changes and muscle length lengthens

Agonist

muscle or muscle group that causes the motion

Antagonist

muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist

inguinal ligament

has no function at the hip joint

- runs from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle and is the landmark that separates the anterior abdominal wall from the thigh

angle of torsion

the angle between the shaft and the neck of the femur in the transverse plane

- normal has the head and neck rotated outward from the shaft approximately 15 to 25 degrees

- increase = anteversion (toe in)

- decrease = retroversion (toe out)

are all hamstrings 2-joint muscles?

yes

are all quadriceps 2-joint muscles?

no, just the Rectus Femoris

action: knee extension

muscles: Quadriceps Group (Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medials, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedialis)

action: knee flexion

muscles: Hamstring Group (Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus, Biceps Femoris), Popliteus, Gastrocnemius

ROM in ankle/foot

plantar flexion - 30-50 degrees

dorsiflexion - 20 degrees

inversion - 40 degrees

eversion - 20 degrees

Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATF)

Most commonly sprained ligament

action: plantar flexion

muscles: gastrocnemius, soleus

action: dorsiflexion

muscle: tibialis anterior

action: inversion

muscles: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior

action: eversion

muscles: fibularis longus, fibularis brevis

action: flexion of 2nd through 5th toes

muscle: flexor digitorum longus

action: flexion of 1st toe

muscle: flexor hallucis longus

action: extension of 2nd through 5th toes

muscle: extensor digitorum longus

extension of 1st toe

muscle: extensor hallucis longus

no prime mover action

muscles: plantaris, fibularis tertius