Plant Toxicity

Species resistance to Atropona belladona (Deadly nightshade)

Rabbits due to atropinase

Alkaloid in Omnium maculatum (Hemlock)

Conine

MOT of Onium maculatum

Curare-like: Paralyzing motor nerve endplates in skeletal muscle, leading to extension of the legs

Confirmation of Onium maculatum poisoning

Mouse-like smell in urine and breath

Species most affected by Datura stromium (Jimson weed, Thorn apple)

Cats, dogs and birds

Diagnosis of Datura stromium poisoning

pupillary dilation in a healthy animal

Treatment of Datura stromium poisoning

Pilocarpine or physostigmine

Toxins of Ipomoea species (Morning Glory)

Lysergic acid and indole alkaloids (seeds)

Species most affected by Ipomoea toxicity

Goats

Nerium and Thevetia toxins in leaves

• Oleandrocide

• Nericide

• Digitalis-like glycosides

Sources of Nerium and Thevetia poisoning

Meat roasted with oleander sticks

Milk from poisoned cows

Nerium and Thevetia MOT

Disrupts sodium-potassium ATPase system

Solanum toxins

Solanine and Solanidin

Sources of solanum toxins

Germinating potatoes

Source of strychnine toxicity

Strychnos nuxvomica

Strychnine use

To kill squirrels and rabbits

Sources of cyanide

• Acacia leucophloea

• Sorghum vulgare

• Nerium oleander

Why ruminants are more susceptible to cyanide toxicity

Enzymes that release HCN are destroyed in their stomachs

Enzyme that metabolizes cyanide

Rhodanase

MOT of cyanide toxicity

Binds to ferric iron in cytochrome oxidase, halting cellular respiration

Clinical symptoms of cyanide poisoning

Respiratory symptoms and bright red mucus membranes

Bitter almond smell on breath

PM of cyanide toxicity

Bright red blood and bitter almond smell in stomach contents

Treatment of cyanide poisoning

Sodium nitrate (cytochrome oxidase reactivator)

Sodium thiosulfate (detoxifier)

Oxalate toxin source

Araceae family

Toxic principle of Oxalate Poisoning

Calcium oxalate crystals and proteolytic enzymes

MOT of Oxalate Poisoning

Release of kinins and histamines

Sources of Thiaminase poisoning

Bracken fern and horsetail

Toxic principles of thiaminase

Thiaminase and ptaquiloside

MOT of thiaminase poisoning

Bone marrow suppression (cattle)

Symptoms of thiaminase poisoning in horses

Neurological

Symptoms of thiaminase poisoning in cattle

Bovine enzootic hematuria

Treatment for thiaminase poisoning

protamine sulfate

Toxic principles of milkweeds

galitoxin

Toxic principles of Ricinus Communis (castor bean)

Ricin (toxin), ricinine (goitrogenic)

Toxic principle of Abrus precatorius

Abrin (cytotoxin)

Clinical symptoms of Abrus precatorius toxicity

Hemolytic anemia, liver and spleen enlargement

Toxic principle of Allium species (Onion, Garlic)

n-propyl disulphide

Clinical signs of allium species

hemolytic anemia, liver and spleen enlargement, hemoglobinuria, icterus (sheep)

Toxic principle of Calotropis Gigantea (Crown Flower)

Calotropin and calotoxin

Clinical symptoms of gossypium (cotton)

Reduced appetite, weight loss, poor feed utilization

Treatment of gossypium poisoning

Ferrous sulfate