Chapter 13- Control of Movement

skeletal muscles

what are somatic motor neurons associated with?

smooth muscle cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue

what are autonomic motor neurons associated with?

spinal

reflexes that do not require input from the brain

cranial reflexes

reflexes integrated with the brain

innate reflexes

Inborn, genetically determined reflexes

learned reflexes

Conditioned reflexes acquired through experience

learned

what reflex type is slower?

monosynaptic

one reflex synapse

polysynaptic reflexes

one or more interneurons in synapse

polysynaptic

what reflex type are all autonomic reflexes?

voluntary

what is the most complex movement type?

rhythmic movement

pattern generated with voluntary initiation and termination of movement

propriocieptors

produce input signals that go to the CNS through sensory neurons

alpha motor neurons

Somatic motor neurons that carry output signal

extrafusal muscle fibers

contractile skeletal muscle fiber effectors that are controlled by alpha motor neurons

joint receptors

propriocieptors in capsules and ligaments around joints

golgi tendon organ and muscle spindle

propriocieptors in skeletal muscles

intrafusal fibers

modified muscle fibers located within the muscle spindle

sensory neuron from spindle and somatic motor neuron to muscle

what neurons are involved in monosynaptic stretch reflex?

to maintain upright posture and hold loads

why is myotatic reflex necessary

extrafusal

Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of ________ skeletal muscle

intrafusal

Gamma motor neurons stimulate contraction of ________ skeletal muscle

myotatic unit

a collection of pathways controlling a single joint

reciprocal inhibition

stops the process where antagonistic muscles must relax as the prime mover muscles contract

crossed extensor reflex

cause an arm or leg to be pulled away from a noxious stimulus

golgi tendon organs

specialized structures embedded in the tendon that contains sensory neurons and collagen fibers

spinal cord or brain stem

where is reflex movement integrated?

cerebral cortex

where is voluntary movement integrated?

corticospinal tract

Signals for voluntary movement travel from cortex to spinal cord through
the _______________

multiple

Integrated, coordinated responses require input from ___________ regions of the brain

homonculus

structure that represents the regions of the human body with cells that control that region in the primary motor cortex.

upper motor neurons

cells in the primary motor cortex

lower motor neuron

cells in the spinal cord that directly cause musc le contraction

corticospinal tract

motor control pathway that travels from primary motor cortex to spinal cord

loss of basal ganglia neurons that release dopamine

what causes Parkinson’s disease

parkinson’s disease

progressive neurological disorder characterized by abnormal movements, speech difficulties, and cognitive changes

smooth and cardiac

what are the visceral muscles?

spontaneously or by hormones in the autonomic nervous system

how is visceral muscle movement controlled?