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Folding and Faulting - Summary Notes
Folding and Faulting - Summary Notes
Endogenic Processes
Endogenic processes are formed, located, or occurring beneath the Earth's surface.
Driven by energy from within the Earth (e.g., volcanism, earthquakes, folding, faulting).
Folds
Folds occur when the Earth’s crust bends due to compressional forces.
Types of folds:
Symmetrical: Limbs are the same due to equal compression; axial plane is vertical.
Asymmetrical: One limb is steeper due to unequal compression; axial plane is tilted.
Tight Fold: Sharp-peaked anticline or syncline due to greater compression.
Overfold: Rock becomes bent or warped, sometimes overlapping.
Recumbent Fold: Compressed so much it is no longer vertical, with significant overlapping.
Overthrust Fold: Fold fractures where the axis is pushed over, creating a fracture.
Nappe Fold: Extremely overturned, leading to fractured rock layers.
Parts of a fold:
Anticline: Crest of the fold.
Syncline: Trough of the fold.
Limb (Flank): Sloping side from crest to trough.
Axial Plane: Imaginary plane bisecting the vertical angle between equal slopes.
Axis: Line that divides the section of the fold.
Faults
Faults occur when tension, compression, and lateral tears from plate movement cause rock to fracture and displace.
Types of Faults:
Normal Fault: Rocks move away from each other.
Reverse Fault: Rocks compress, one plate moves up, the other descends.
Tear Fault: (Transform or Strike-Slip Fault): Tectonic plates slide laterally past each other.
Rift Valley (Garben)
Formed when two normal faults occur parallel to each other, and the land sinks between the faults.
Horst Fault (Block Mountain)
Land between parallel faults is forced upward because the faults are pushed together.
Importance of Folded and Faulted Landscapes
Tourism, waterfalls and reservoirs, natural boundaries, defensive sites, biodiversity, geothermal energy, watersheds.
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