Geography Jan 2023 Year 11

Edexcel B Geography

Mean

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

Precipitation

Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface.

Low Pressure

A mass of rising warm air that usually bring wet, stormy weather.

Conservative plate boundary

where two tectonic plates slide past each other

Divergent plate boundary

Boundary between tectonic plates in which the two plates move away from each other, and new crust is created between them

Convergent plate boundary

A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide or come together.

Earthquake

The shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface.

Volcano

A weak spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface

P and S Waves

P waves travel faster and through any kind of material; S waves are slower and travel only through solids

Convection current

a current caused by the rising of heated fluid and sinking of cooled fluid

lithosphere

A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.

Mantle

The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.

Inner Core

A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth

Outer Core

A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth

Asthenosphere

The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.

Percentage increase

Actual increase ÷ original value x 100.

Percentage decrease

Actual decrease ÷ original value x 100.

One decimal place

one number after the decimal point

Two decimal places

two numbers after the decimal point

Sea level rise

one result of global climate change, due to melting glaciers and ice caps

Thermal Expansion

The tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature. E.g. the oceans

Storm frequency

Higher ocean temperatures will increase the number of tropical storm events annually.

Milankovitch cycles

Changes in the shape earth's orbit and tilt that cause glacial periods and interglacial periods.

Eccentricity

Change in the shape of the earth's orbit from oval to circular. Over a period of 100k years.

volcanic eruption

The release of material from under Earth's crust to its surface. Causes ash and tephra to be emitted. Pinatubo in 1991 caused 0.5 degrees of cooling globally.

Asteroid Collision

a large extra-terrestrial object - such as a meteor - passes intact through the atmosphere and impacts with the Earth's surface, throwing up ash and dust.

Solar Activity

Short-lived phenomena on the Sun, including the emergence and disappearance of individual sunspots, prominences, and flares; sometimes called solar weather. Usually on a 11-year cycle.

Global Warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

Storm surge

A dome of water that sweeps across the coast where a hurricane lands

Strong winds

Winds which come with the force of a hurricane

Saffir-Simpson Scale

A hurricane intensity scale that relates hurricane damage to wind speeds.

Landslide

a slide of a large mass of dirt and rock down a mountain or cliff

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

Gross National Income (GNI)

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country

Maternal Mortality Rate

Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.

infant mortality rate

A figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first years of their lives in a given population.

water pollution

the addition of any substance that has a negative effect on water or the living things that depend on the water

air pollution

the contamination of the atmosphere by the introduction of pollutants from human and natural sources

noise pollution

any noise that causes stress or has the potential to damage human health.

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Ratio

A comparison of two quantities by division

Rapid economic development

Fast economic growth which leads to urbanisation and urban sprawl.

Bar Chart

A form of graph in which numeric values are represented by horizontal or vertical rectangles. The x-axis usually represents the discrete data.

Line Graph

An axis-type graph in which data points are joined by a line. Usually represents continuous data

Composite Bar Graph

similar to the grouped bar graph but the data bars are stacked instead of side by side

Communications

A sharing of meaning through the transmission of information. i.e. through the internet

globalisation

The increase in the accessibility and connectivity between countries.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Developing Country

A country that has low industrial production and little modern technology. Has a low HDI

Emerging Country

a country with high or medium human development

Human Development Index

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, average number of years in education, and life expectancy

Developed country

a country with relatively high levels of industrialisation and income. High HDIs

colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

Neo-colonialism

control by a powerful country of its former colonies (or other less developed countries) by economic pressures

Global inequality

the systematic differences in wealth and power between countries

Counter-urbanisation

The movement of people and businesses from large cities to smaller towns and rural areas.

Equal Rights

All people being (legally) entitled to fair and equal treatment

Regeneration

Improving an area through the investment in existing industries and buildings.

Urban Primacy

a state in which a disproportionately large city dominates the urban system and is the center of economic, political, and cultural life

Primate City

a city that dominates a country's economy, culture, and government and in which population is concentrated; usually the capital

Formal employment

Jobs where people work for regular pay, have employment rights and pay taxes

Informal Employment

work that does not receive a regular wage and is not monitored by the government

Bottom-up strategies

Investment in to local economies, businesses and strategies to directly target areas needing development. Usually using intermediate technology

Intermediate technology

The simple, easily learned and maintained technology used in a range of economic activities serving local needs in developing and emerging economies

Bottom-up strategies in Mumbai

SPARC Toilets, Hamara Foundation and Agora Microfinance

Human Activities in the Lake District

Settlements, Agriculture, Quarrying and Tourism

Longshore drift

The movement of water and sediment down a beach caused by waves coming in to shore at an angle (swash) and down the beach in a perpendicular way (backwash)

Destructive wave

a wave where the backwash is greater than the swash

Constructive wave

a powerful wave with a strong swash that surges up a beach

Wave height

the vertical distance from the crest of a wave to the trough

Spits

Thin lines of sand deposited by long shore drift

Afforestation

This is a type of soft engineering technique. Trees are planted in the catchment area or coasts to increase interception. This is a cheap method of reducing flooding.

Hard Engineering

The use of concrete and large artificial structures by civil engineers to defend land against natural erosion processes.

Soft Engineering

A sustainable approach to managing the coast and rivers without using artificial structures

River Severn

A river in the United Kingdom. At about 220 miles (354 km), it is usually considered to be the longest in the UK.

Forestry

the planting, growing, and harvesting of trees for economic gain

Topography

A description of surface features of land.

Median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

Mode

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Population Structure

How the population is made up of people of different ages, and of males and females.

Site

The physical character of a place

Situation

The location of a place relative to another place, and it's economic "stance".

Connectivity

The degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places. How accessible it is.

Inequality

Economic and social differences between areas.

Stratified Sampling

process that allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria

Accuracy of data

How close the obtained value is to the true value

Primary Data

information collected for the specific purpose at hand

Secondary Data

information that already exists somewhere, having been collected for another purpose

Environment Agency Flood Risk Maps

Maps which show how likely areas are to flood

Systematic Sampling

Every nth item in the target factor is selected

Cost-benefit analysis

a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good

Reliability of data

the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same results on repeated trials

Accessibility

the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place

Quantitative

Data that is in numbers

Qualitative

Data in the form of words

Environmental Quality Survey (EQS)

Measurements of criteria to tell you the overall quality of an area (usually 8 criteria judged on a likert scale of 1-5)

Word Cloud

A visual depiction of a set of words that have been grouped together because of the frequency of their occurrence.

Land use

Various ways humans use the land such as agricultural, industrial, residential, or recreational