the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
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Precipitation
Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface.
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Low Pressure
A mass of rising warm air that usually bring wet, stormy weather.
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Conservative plate boundary
where two tectonic plates slide past each other
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Divergent plate boundary
Boundary between tectonic plates in which the two plates move away from each other, and new crust is created between them
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Convergent plate boundary
A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide or come together.
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Earthquake
The shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface.
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Volcano
A weak spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface
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P and S Waves
P waves travel faster and through any kind of material; S waves are slower and travel only through solids
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Convection current
a current caused by the rising of heated fluid and sinking of cooled fluid
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lithosphere
A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.
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Mantle
The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.
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Inner Core
A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth
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Outer Core
A layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth
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Asthenosphere
The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.
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Percentage increase
Actual increase ÷ original value x 100.
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Percentage decrease
Actual decrease ÷ original value x 100.
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One decimal place
one number after the decimal point
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Two decimal places
two numbers after the decimal point
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Sea level rise
one result of global climate change, due to melting glaciers and ice caps
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Thermal Expansion
The tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature. E.g. the oceans
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Storm frequency
Higher ocean temperatures will increase the number of tropical storm events annually.
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Milankovitch cycles
Changes in the shape earth's orbit and tilt that cause glacial periods and interglacial periods.
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Eccentricity
Change in the shape of the earth's orbit from oval to circular. Over a period of 100k years.
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volcanic eruption
The release of material from under Earth's crust to its surface. Causes ash and tephra to be emitted. Pinatubo in 1991 caused 0.5 degrees of cooling globally.
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Asteroid Collision
a large extra-terrestrial object - such as a meteor - passes intact through the atmosphere and impacts with the Earth's surface, throwing up ash and dust.
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Solar Activity
Short-lived phenomena on the Sun, including the emergence and disappearance of individual sunspots, prominences, and flares; sometimes called solar weather. Usually on a 11-year cycle.
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Global Warming
An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)
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Storm surge
A dome of water that sweeps across the coast where a hurricane lands
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Strong winds
Winds which come with the force of a hurricane
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Saffir-Simpson Scale
A hurricane intensity scale that relates hurricane damage to wind speeds.
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Landslide
a slide of a large mass of dirt and rock down a mountain or cliff
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.
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life expectancy
A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live
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Gross National Income (GNI)
The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country
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Maternal Mortality Rate
Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.
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infant mortality rate
A figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first years of their lives in a given population.
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water pollution
the addition of any substance that has a negative effect on water or the living things that depend on the water
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air pollution
the contamination of the atmosphere by the introduction of pollutants from human and natural sources
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noise pollution
any noise that causes stress or has the potential to damage human health.
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You must show your working
You must show your working...
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Ratio
A comparison of two quantities by division
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Rapid economic development
Fast economic growth which leads to urbanisation and urban sprawl.
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Bar Chart
A form of graph in which numeric values are represented by horizontal or vertical rectangles. The x-axis usually represents the discrete data.
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Line Graph
An axis-type graph in which data points are joined by a line. Usually represents continuous data
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Composite Bar Graph
similar to the grouped bar graph but the data bars are stacked instead of side by side
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Communications
A sharing of meaning through the transmission of information. i.e. through the internet
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globalisation
The increase in the accessibility and connectivity between countries.
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Population Pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
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Developing Country
A country that has low industrial production and little modern technology. Has a low HDI
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Emerging Country
a country with high or medium human development
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Human Development Index
Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, average number of years in education, and life expectancy
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Developed country
a country with relatively high levels of industrialisation and income. High HDIs
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colonialism
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
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Neo-colonialism
control by a powerful country of its former colonies (or other less developed countries) by economic pressures
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Global inequality
the systematic differences in wealth and power between countries
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Counter-urbanisation
The movement of people and businesses from large cities to smaller towns and rural areas.
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Equal Rights
All people being (legally) entitled to fair and equal treatment
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Regeneration
Improving an area through the investment in existing industries and buildings.
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Urban Primacy
a state in which a disproportionately large city dominates the urban system and is the center of economic, political, and cultural life
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Primate City
a city that dominates a country's economy, culture, and government and in which population is concentrated; usually the capital
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Formal employment
Jobs where people work for regular pay, have employment rights and pay taxes
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Informal Employment
work that does not receive a regular wage and is not monitored by the government
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Bottom-up strategies
Investment in to local economies, businesses and strategies to directly target areas needing development. Usually using intermediate technology
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Intermediate technology
The simple, easily learned and maintained technology used in a range of economic activities serving local needs in developing and emerging economies
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Bottom-up strategies in Mumbai
SPARC Toilets, Hamara Foundation and Agora Microfinance
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Human Activities in the Lake District
Settlements, Agriculture, Quarrying and Tourism
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Longshore drift
The movement of water and sediment down a beach caused by waves coming in to shore at an angle (swash) and down the beach in a perpendicular way (backwash)
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Destructive wave
a wave where the backwash is greater than the swash
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Constructive wave
a powerful wave with a strong swash that surges up a beach
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Wave height
the vertical distance from the crest of a wave to the trough
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Spits
Thin lines of sand deposited by long shore drift
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Afforestation
This is a type of soft engineering technique. Trees are planted in the catchment area or coasts to increase interception. This is a cheap method of reducing flooding.
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Hard Engineering
The use of concrete and large artificial structures by civil engineers to defend land against natural erosion processes.
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Soft Engineering
A sustainable approach to managing the coast and rivers without using artificial structures
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River Severn
A river in the United Kingdom. At about 220 miles (354 km), it is usually considered to be the longest in the UK.
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Forestry
the planting, growing, and harvesting of trees for economic gain
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Topography
A description of surface features of land.
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Median
the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
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Mode
the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
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International Migration
Permanent movement from one country to another.
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Population Structure
How the population is made up of people of different ages, and of males and females.
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Site
The physical character of a place
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Situation
The location of a place relative to another place, and it's economic "stance".
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Connectivity
The degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places. How accessible it is.
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Inequality
Economic and social differences between areas.
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Stratified Sampling
process that allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria
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Accuracy of data
How close the obtained value is to the true value
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Primary Data
information collected for the specific purpose at hand
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Secondary Data
information that already exists somewhere, having been collected for another purpose
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Environment Agency Flood Risk Maps
Maps which show how likely areas are to flood
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Systematic Sampling
Every nth item in the target factor is selected
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Cost-benefit analysis
a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good
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Reliability of data
the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same results on repeated trials
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Accessibility
the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place
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Quantitative
Data that is in numbers
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Qualitative
Data in the form of words
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Environmental Quality Survey (EQS)
Measurements of criteria to tell you the overall quality of an area (usually 8 criteria judged on a likert scale of 1-5)
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Word Cloud
A visual depiction of a set of words that have been grouped together because of the frequency of their occurrence.
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Land use
Various ways humans use the land such as agricultural, industrial, residential, or recreational
Studied by 3 people
Note 
Flashcard (117)