History Topic 12 Study Guide: Exploration and Colonization

Middle passage

journey of enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas.

Maritime

seafaring/oceangoing; relating to the sea or ocean.

Mita

Spanish administrators labor system to draft indigenous people to work. (Peru)

Conquistadores

Soldiers/explorers who led the Spanish conquest of the Americas.

Prince Henry the Navigator

(Prince of Portugal) funded many of Columbus' journeys to the Americas in search for riches, helped develop the caravel.

Caravel

Portuguese ship, large cargo hold, round bottom, and triangle sail.

Columbian Exchange

the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres as a result of exploration.

Colony

settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with parent country through trade and direct government control.

Peninsulares

a person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe.

Creoles

a person of European descent born in Latin America and living there permanently.

Encomienda

a system of labor the Spanish used in the Americas; Spanish landowners had the right, as granted by Queen Isabella, to use Native Americans as laborers.

Evangelization

the act of converting people to Christianity.

Mercantilism

the belief that the prosperity of a nation depended on its quantity of gold and silver.

Cortés

Spanish conquistador, arrived in Mexico in 1519 and soon goes to war and kills the Aztec king Montezuma II.

Pizarro

Arrives in the Incan Empire in 1531, spreads disease, and kills the emperor Atahualpa.

Capitalism

economic system in which people can invest in trade and goods for profit.

Joint stock company

a business where shares of ownership in a company are bought and owned by shareholders.

3 G's of Exploration

"gold, glory, and God."

New technology used by explorers

the caravel, astrolabe, magnetic compass, cartography and map-making.

Vasco da Gama-route

Rounded the Cape of Good Hope and landed in India.

Bartholomew Dias-route

first European to round the Cape of Good Hope, but returned home soon after due to strong currents.

Alfonso de Albuquerque

conquered Melaka and took over spice trade

Treaty of Tordesillas

gave Portugal control of easternmost part of south America

Columbus

planned a westward voyage to Asia

Magellan

first European to circumnavigate the world

Cortes and Pizarro

killed emperors, spread disease, and conquered indigenous land

Impact of disease in New World

killed millions of Indigenous peoples leading to a decrease in slave labor, causing the importation of enslaved Africans

Quebec colony

French explorer, Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec in 1608

Goal and impact of mercantilism

increase the supply of a state's gold/silver to become more powerful with trade and exports

Dutch, English, French Exploration

establish colonies and challenge Portuguese and Spanish

Henry Hudson

hired by the Dutch East India Company to find a shorter ocean route through the Americas to Asia

Types of colonies

Charter colonies: governed by a company or a group of settlers w/ permission from the crown (ex: Virginia/Massachusetts). Royal colonies: controlled by the monarchy, w/ the king appointing a governor (ex: New York). Proprietary colonies: owned by individuals or groups who were granted land by the crown, who then governed the colony (ex: Maryland/Pennsylvania)

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spanish priest who condemned the mistreatment of Indigenous peoples, advocated for their rights, and pushed for the abolition of the encomienda system

Area of concentrated slave trade in Africa

Middle passage, Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Triangular trade

Trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods

Kingdoms of Ashanti and Dahomey

powerful African kingdoms that thrived economically and were significant trading partners

Role of Caribbean in slave trade

Major hub for importing African slaves; slaves worked on sugar plantations and were shipped to other colonies

Groups that condemned the slave trade

British, Europe, Spain, and the Portuguese

First and last to end the slave trade

First: Denmark (1803) Last: Brazil (1888)

Goals of colonization and trade

Acquire wealth, expand empires, spread Christianity, and control resources

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, crops, animals, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World, dramatically altering global economies and populations

Social classes/ hierarchy of New World

Peninsulares, Creoles, Multiracial group (mestizos and mulattoes), and Natives/slaves

Juana Ines De la Cruz

Mexican nun, writer, and scholar who advocated for women's education and intellectual rights; known for her poetry, plays, and essays that challenged societal norms of her time

Role of Catholic Church in Latin America

wanted to convert the Indigenous to the Catholic Faith. Viceroy System. Catholic Missionaries spread Christianity