Chemistry: Ionic and Covalent Bonding, Naming, and Balancing Equations

What types of elements combine to form ionic bonds?

Metals with nonmetals.

What holds the ions in an ionic compound together?

Attraction between oppositely charged ions after electron transfer.

How does each atom in an ionic bond fill its valence shell?

By transferring electrons.

What is a bonding pair?

A shared pair of electrons.

Why do two chlorine atoms form a covalent bond?

Because both are electronegative and prefer to share electrons rather than give them up.

What is the difference between a single and double covalent bond?

Single bond: 1 shared electron pair; Double bond: 2 shared electron pairs.

In a polar covalent bond, which atom becomes partially negative?

The more electronegative atom.

When does a nonpolar covalent bond form?

When electrons are shared equally.

How are ions arranged in solid ionic compounds?

In a crystal lattice due to strong electrostatic attraction.

Why are ionic compounds' melting and boiling points high?

A lot of energy is needed to break strong electrostatic forces in the crystal structure.

What happens to ions when ionic compounds are melted or boiled?

Ions separate because they gain enough energy to overcome the ionic lattice.

Why can H₂O molecules move around at room temperature?

They have enough kinetic energy to overcome some hydrogen bonds and flow.

What happens to covalent bonds when a substance boils?

Covalent bonds within molecules stay intact; intermolecular forces break.

Why do covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points?

They have weak intermolecular forces.

What is the definition of intramolecular forces?

Forces within a molecule (covalent bonds, ionic bonds, metallic bonds).

What is the definition of intermolecular forces?

Forces between molecules (hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole, dispersion).

How do you name ionic compounds?

Name metal first; nonmetal second ending in -ide; use Roman numerals for transition metals.

What is the name of MgCl₂?

Magnesium chloride.

What is the name of ZnCl₂?

Zinc chloride.

What is the name of CuCl₂?

Copper(II) chloride.

What is the name of NaCl?

Sodium chloride.

How do you name covalent compounds?

Use prefixes to show number of atoms (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, etc.).

What is the name of CO₂?

Carbon dioxide.

What is the name of H₂O?

Water.

What is the name of NO?

Nitrogen monoxide.

What is the name of PCl₅?

Phosphorus pentachloride.

What does balancing equations mean?

Adjust coefficients so both sides of the equation have the same number of each atom.