The American Yawp Chapters 4-7 Notes

What phenomenon fueled the growth of colonial cities, with 1 in 20 colonists living in a city, including New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Charleston, Annapolis, and Williamsburg, by 1775?

consumer revolution

What is the name of the 1st group of colonists to oppose slavery in British North America, given members' beliefs in pacifism and the fundamental equality of all human souls?

Quakers

In 1739, ca. 80 South Carolina slaves burned plantations and killed at least 20 white settlers as they marched toward Spanish Florida under a banner that read "Liberty!" before the local militia captured and executed most of them, and sold others to sugar plantations in the West Indies?

Stono Rebellion

Beginning in 1754, Britain was at war with what Catholic European nation and allied American Indians over the boundaries of their North American empires for several years, resulting in British border towns enduring intermittent raids during which the enemy destroyed houses, burned crops, and took captives, some of whom were ransomed back to their families in New England, while others were converted to Catholicism and remained in enemy territory?

France

In 1754, a force of British colonists and indigenous allies, led by George Washington, killed a French diplomat, which led to what global war, with the French defeating the British during the early part of the war; however, after the British sent several troops to North America in 1757, French Canada fell in 1760, and peace treaties gave the British much of Canada and North America in 1763?

French and Indian War / Seven Years' War

Early religious pluralism served as proof of an "American melting pot" that included Catholic Maryland; however, toleration of Catholics coincided with bitter anti-Catholic sentiment and continuous conflict with Catholic France, with British ministers in England urging a colonial fight against French and Catholic empires that threatened what in North America?

Protestantism

In 1705, the Virginia House of Burgesses passed its 1st what, which were a series of laws that included the guarantee that children of enslaved women would be born slaves, slave owners could not be convicted of murder for killing a slave, and a black Virginian who struck a white colonist could be whipped severely?

slave code

In response to British Parliament passing what act in 1764, as well as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Duties of 1767, which imposed taxes on sugar, paper, lead, glass, and tea, colonists organized non-importation agreements?

Sugar Act

Due to colonists' lack of currency and standardized money, many colonies resorted to what, which varied from, and was not consistently honored in, colony to colony, thus hampering trade?

commodity money

What war caused the British Crown to unevenly levy colonial reforms on taxation, commerce, and politics from 1763 to 1774, resulting in tension between Britain and the colonies, and the colonists across British North America seeing themselves as a collective group?

Seven Years' War

What Massachusetts theologian, who adhered to the faith of early Puritan settlers, delivered the sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," in 1734, which, along with similar sermons, sent known sinners in his congregation into violent convulsions, affecting nearly 50% of his 600 person-congregation over the next 6 months?

Jonathan Edwards

Instead of making their own tools, clothes, and utensils, the consistent availability of what allowed colonists to buy consumer goods, including luxury items made by artisans and manufacturers, when the colonists' income increased and the prices of commodities decreased during the 17th and 18th centuries?

credit

What itinerant preacher was a former actor who dramatically preached to crowds of thousands in meadows and on the outskirts of cities against sin; urged his listeners to be born again; traveled from New York to South Carolina converting men, women, and children during the 1730s; and popularized the revivals of the Great Awakening?

George Whitefield

Virginia was economically and politically dominated by wealthy planters who built large estates and grew tobacco, both of which were tended to by slaves, who comprised ca. 40% of the colony's total population by 1750, working from dawn to dusk under the close supervision of a white overseer called what, who could use physical force to compel slave labor?

driver

Established in Virginia in 1607, printing was important in every colony; each colony dealt with threats of censorship from imperial supervision; and Massachusetts was the center of colonial printing for 100 years, until what city became the capital of colonial printing in 1770, printing numerous newspapers, pamphlets, and books?

Philadelphia

Slavery played a key role in the colonies of what region, which included New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, where colonists employed slaves on large farms working alongside European tenant farmers, and over 40% of New York City's population was enslaved by 1700?

mid-Atlantic

After the Seven Years' War, Britain controlled formerly French territory, where the French had maintained peaceful relations with Indian allies, whereas the British wanted to impose order on the indigenous population, prompting American Indian warriors to attack British forts and frontier settlements, killing ca. 400 soldiers and 2000 settlers; however, with a supply shortage and what hampering the war effort, Pontiac surrendered in 1766?

disease

An elected assembly was an offshoot for the name of what concept, according to which men had a responsibility to support and uphold the government through voting, paying taxes, and service in a militia?

civic duty

What system of labor never took root in Massachusetts, Connecticut, or New Hampshire, although it was legal throughout New England, and the transatlantic trade was a central element of the region's economy?

slavery

In 1761, the indigenous prophet Neolin had a vision that the only way to enter Heaven was to expel the British from Indian country, and subsequently preached the avoidance of alcohol, a return to traditional rituals, and pan-Indian unity to his disciples, including Pontiac, an Ottawa leader, who initiated what war in 1763 against British soldiers, traders, and settlers?

Pontiac's War

The colonies were either provincial, proprietary, or charter, with Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut falling under which type, for these colonies had the most complex system of government, for which colonists could elect their own governors from among property-owning men?

charter

By the late 18th century, most slaves lived in rural areas performing agricultural labor, while others lived in port cities, working in skilled trades and as what?

domestic servants

What took place in 1712 in New York City, which resulted in the deaths of 9 white colonists, the execution of 21 slaves, the suicides of 6 slaves before they were to be burned alive?

slave rebellion

North American colonists acquired what good from the Caribbean colonists, who began cultivating sugar in the 1640s; by 1680, exports of this good from Barbados valued more than the total exports of all the continental colonies?

sugar

By the late 18th century, colonial urban society had become highly stratified, with the laboring class—enslaved and free apprentices and craftsmen—at the bottom of the social ladder, followed by the middling class—shopkeepers, artisans, and mariners—and what class at the top, with members engaged in social and political affairs, and buying, selling, and trading goods?

merchant elites

What colonial governmental body was comprised of elected, property-owning men who ensured conformity to English law, approved new taxes and colonial budgets, and ensured that the colonial governor did not exercise too much power within the colonial government?

colonial assembly

Unlike in what nation, colonial government had greater popular involvement in the assemblies and legislatures that regulated businesses, imposed taxes, cared for the poor, built roads and bridges, and made most decisions in education?

Britain / Great Britain

In 1711, a group of New England ministers published a collection of sermons called, Early Piety, sparking what religious revival movement, which began in New England's Congregational churches in the 1730s, and spread to Protestants in all 13 Colonies throughout the 1740s and 1750s, with a focus on stripping one's life of worldly concerns, returning to a more pious lifestyle, and finding a personal relationship with God?

Great Awakening

What European nation relied on the North American colonies as a source of raw materials, especially lumber and tobacco?

Britain

What took place in New York City in 1741, which was planned by African slaves, free blacks, and poor whites and resulted in the execution of 32 slaves and free blacks and 5 poor whites, and the deportation of 70 slaves to sugar plantations in the West Indies?

slave rebellion

Which present-day U.S. state was a slave colony from its founding; cultivated rice; many of its early settlers were slaveholders from the Caribbean sugar islands, who brought with them a brutal slave code that legalized beating, branding, mutilating, and castrating defiant slaves; and, by 1750, was the only mainland colony with a majority slave population?

South Carolina

During what war did the British Crown issue the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which demarcated the Appalachian Mountains as the boundary between Indian country and the British colonies, and forbade Anglo-American settlement in Indian country?

Pontiac's War

By the 1760s, the religious revivals of the Great Awakening had died out, but they profoundly affected Colonial America, with religious leaders' encouragement for listeners to question the world around them and the authority of the church, which reformed religion in Colonial America and created a language of what?

individualism

Slavery became increasingly significant in what region of the colonies from 1725 to 1775, with, e.g., New York and its connections to slavery with the Dutch settlers of New Netherland, and Philadelphia's engagement in the Atlantic slave trade?

northern / north

The end of the Revolutionary War brought political, social, and economic opportunities and uncertainties, with entire communities decimated, thousands of widowed women; the American economy weighed down by war debt and depreciated currencies; and state governments created by new state what between 1776 and 1777?

constitutions

After the Revolutionary War, political participation grew as more people gained what right, emphasizing the importance of representation within government, and an egalitarian and meritocratic society?

vote / voting / suffrage

The Second Continental Congress ratified what in 1781, which gave each state 1 vote in the Continental Congress, with the purpose of preserving the independence and sovereignty of the states?

Articles of Confederation

The Revolution created a new nation-state—the United States of America—freed colonists from British rule, and sparked the age of what type of revolution, with revolutions following in France, Haiti, and South America?

democratic

Who, in terms of sex, expressed their patriotism throughout the colonies by participating in consumer boycotts, street riots, raids on royal offices, and demonstrations against impressment of men into naval service?

women / females

In May 1776, the Congress passed a resolution that called for all colonies to establish revolutionary governments, to take control from royal officials, and to draft state constitutions, with which colony abstaining?

New York

The Congress agreed to form a Continental Army, naming what Virginian as commander-in-chief, and issued a "Declaration of the Causes of Necessity of Taking Up Arms" to Britain in July 1775, while moderates drafted the Olive Branch Petition to assuage the King?

George Washington

When King George III, who viewed the colonies as subordinate to the British Empire, took the crown in 1760, he issued what in 1763, which forbade colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains?

Royal Proclamation

The Revolution prompted approximately 60,000 what to leave America, with many living the rest of their lives in exile from their homeland, while many others settled on the peripheries of the British Empire around the globe, especially in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec?

loyalists

Many American Indians sided with the British during the Revolution, hoping for a British victory that would continue to restrain settlers from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains, giving Americans a justification for their rapid and brutal expansion into what region well into the 19th century?

The West

In response to the Stamp Act, colonial merchants in major port cities prepared what type of agreements, thereby refusing to import, sell, or buy British goods, prompting British merchants to lobby for the repeal of the Stamp Act?

non-importation

What philosophical movement influenced colonists in the 1740s, with the ideas that education created rational human beings who could think for themselves and question authority; individuals primarily were formed by their environment; and aristocrats were wealthy and successful because they had greater access to wealth, education, and patronage, and not because they were innately superior?

The Enlightenment

In 1781, Gen. Washington marched his troops from New York to Virginia to trap the British army at Yorktown, which, with the aid of the French army, resulted in British surrender and negotiations for peace in what European nation on September 3, 1783?

France

What ideology stressed the need for citizens involved in self-governing to put the public good over self-interest, and the need for vigilance against the rise of centralized control and tyranny?

republicanism

When the Continental Congress reconvened, war had erupted in Massachusetts, where British regiments tried to seize local militias' arms and powder stores in what two towns in April 1775, prompting a battle between the local militia and British regiments, which ended with ca. 20,000 militiamen trapping the British in Boston?

Lexington and Concord

In 1777, the Continental Army defeated the British at Saratoga, New York, which convinced the French to sign the Treaty of Amity and Commerce in February 1778, which turned the colonial rebellion into a global war when fighting between the British and French broke out in Europe and in what nation?

India

Who, in terms of sex, took on roles traditionally held by men on farms and in shops and taverns during the Revolutionary War, while slaves and free blacks joined the war on both sides, with ca. 30,000 to 100,000 slaves deserting their masters during the war?

women

In 1764, Parliament passed what act to combat ubiquitous smuggling of molasses in New England, which called for apprehended smugglers to be tried by vice-admiralty courts, and not by juries?

Sugar Act

Upon settlement, each colony created a colonial what, which was a local governing body that taxed residents, managed the spreading of colonial revenue, and granted salaries to royal officials?

assembly

Popular protest to the Stamp Act occurred throughout the colonies via violent riots and intimidation, resulting in all of the original 12 stamp distributors to resign by late 1766, and the formation of what group, comprised of men who directed and organized popular resistance in the colonies?

Sons of Liberty

In response to the Intolerable Acts, patriots in Massachusetts seized control of local and county governments and courts, and all colonies except which one formed Committees of Correspondence and extra-legal assemblies in 1774?

Georgia

In 1783, British military commanders helped thousands of loyalist slaves flee America, transporting them to Canada, the Caribbean, or Great Britain, where they continued to face social and economic marginalization, including restrictions on land ownership within the British Empire, despite the demand in what treaty for British troops to leave runaway slaves behind?

Treaty of Paris

Colonists formed what to inform each other about resistance efforts throughout the colonies, with newspaper reprints of incidents of resistance, thus creating a political union among the colonies?

Committees of Correspondence

The Boston Sons of Liberty appointed men to guard the wharfs, where dozens of men disguised as Mohawk Indians emptied all of the tea abroad 3 British ships into the sea, sparking groups of patriots across the colonies to dump tea sitting in their harbors in 1774, which became known as what?

tea parties

In June 1775, radical Massachusetts delegates urged the Continental Congress to support the siege in Boston; delegates from the Middle Colonies of New York, New Jersey, and Philadelphia called for renewed attempts at reconciliation; and radicals and moderates in what region worried that supporting the Massachusetts militia would result in a declaration of war?

The South

In 1776, the largest expeditionary force in British history arrived in New York, where the British launched an attack on Brooklyn and Manhattan, resulting in severe losses for the Continental Army; however, Gen. Washington successfully launched a surprise attack at Trenton on Christmas Day by ferrying a few thousand men across what river under the cover of night?

Delaware

In 1774, Committees of Correspondence sent delegates to what convention, where elite delegates from each colony except Georgia issued a "Declaration of Rights and Grievances," which reasserted colonists having the rights of native Britons, including the right to be taxed only by their own elected representatives?

Continental Congress

In 1764, Parliament passed what act, which restricted colonies from producing paper money, which constrained the colonists, for hard money, like gold and silver, was scarce in the colonies, and a lack of currency impeded the colonies' transatlantic economies?

Currency Act

Parliament passed what acts in 1767, which created customs duties on common items like tea; formed and fortified mechanisms to enforce compliance, such as an American Board of Customs Commissioners and more vice-admiralty courts to try smugglers; increased the British government's presence in the colonies; and restricted the power of colonial assemblies?

Townshend Acts

What Virginian drafted the Declaration of Independence, which primarily enumerated colonists' grievances with Britain since the 1760s, and was approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776?

Thomas Jefferson

The Revolutionary War increased participation in politics and governance; institutionalized religious tolerance; created new markets in trade and manufacturing; and expanded and diffused the population, especially in what region, which directly affected American Indian populations?

The West

Britain controlled North America east of the Mississippi River and French Canada as a result of what global war, which increased Britain's national debt and the cost of securing its colonial empire, prompting Britain to try to consolidate control over the North American colonies in the 1760s?

Seven Years' War

In response to the Townshend Acts, merchants re-instituted non-importation agreements; colonists boycotted British goods and circulated lists—published in newspapers and broadsides—with signatories pledging not to buy British goods; and women formed what, to make homespun clothing for their families?

spinning clubs

Two years after British sent regiments to Boston in 1768 to enforce British law and quell resistance, British soldiers fired upon a crowd of colonists that had gathered outside the Custom House, at which they hurled insults and snowballs, resulting in British soldiers killing 5 Bostonians, an event that became known as what?

Boston Massacre

In 1778, the British captured major cities in what region, where fighting continued between local patriots and loyalists, often putting family members against one another, post British departure?

The South

In late 1775, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of which colony, issued a proclamation declaring martial law and offering freedom to slaves who joined the British, ultimately resulting in the enlistment of thousands of slaves who risked capture and punishment for freedom, making the proclamation the 1st mass emancipation of enslaved people in American history?

Virginia

The American Revolution's most important long-term economic effect was the ending of what national economic policy, with Americans creating their own manufactures, and no longer relying on those in Britain?

mercantilism

Colonies combated the Stamp Act by passing anti-Stamp Act resolutions in their assemblies in 1765, which led to the creation of what in New York City, from which colonists issued a "Declaration of Rights and Grievances," proclaiming their allegiance to the King and Parliament and their rights as native Britons?

Stamp Act Congress

In 1773, Parliament passed the Regulating Act, putting the East India Company, which owed a large debt to Britain and had ca. 15 million pounds of tea stored in warehouses from India to England, under government control, and then passed what act, allowing East India to directly sell tea in the colonies without import duties, while also requiring payment for the duty when the ship was unloaded?

Tea Act

Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766, but then passed what act, which declared Parliament's total power and authority to make laws in the colonies?

Declaratory Act

Some Americans manumitted their slaves during the Revolution, with most of the Northern states enacting laws of gradual what, while in the Lower South, some masters revoked their offers of freedom for service, forcing freedman back into bondage?

emancipation

The states innovated written constitutions based on what concept, according to which the power and authority of the government is derived from the people, with strong legislatures, regular elections, and an increased electorate?

popular sovereignty

Parliament reacted to the tea parties in 1774 by passing 4 acts targeted at Massachusetts known collectively as what, which shut down Boston Harbor to halt trade, placed the colonial government under British control, dissolved the assembly, restricted town meetings, allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in Britain, and quartered British soldiers in colonists' homes?

Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts

In 1765, Parliament passed what act, which required documents, such as newspapers, pamphlets, and playing cards, to be printed on stamped paper to prove that colonists had paid the required duty, marking the 1st time Parliament implemented a direct tax on the colonies?

Stamp Act

In 1798, many Republican printers, and a Republican congressman who criticized President Adams, were indicted and prosecuted under the terms of what act?

Sedition Act

Some states continued to designate state sponsored churches into the late 19th century, which the U.S. Constitution's religious freedom clause within the first 10 amendments, known collectively as what, limited the federal government from such designations, but not the state governments?

Bill of Rights

From 1798 to 1800, the French Navy and U.S. vessels engaged in battle in what undeclared war, prompting Congress to pass the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798, which empowered the federal government to deport foreign nationals who posed a threat to national security, and to prosecute anyone who spoke or published false statements against the federal government?

Quasi-War

After an armed rebel force of ca. 7,000 citizens robbed the U.S. mail and gathered outside of Pittsburgh, President Washington became the only sitting president to lead troops in the field, with an army of 13,000 militiamen dispersing the rebels, resulting in the arrest and trial of many perpetrators, with 2 men sentenced to death for what?

treason

James Madison proposed what plan, which called for the establishment of a strong federal government with 3 branches—executive, judicial, and legislative—with the legislative branch comprised of a 2 house Congress to represent every state according to its population size or tax base?

Virginia Plan

Second Continental Congress delegates realized that the America's debt and struggling economies directly resulted from omitting provisions for the federal government to raise revenue after the ratification of what agreement in 1781, which served as the 1st U.S. Constitution?

Articles of Confederation

What statesman proposed the federal assumption of state debts left over from the Revolutionary War, and the founding of a Bank of the U.S. to serve as a depository for federal funds, to print paper banknotes backed by specie, to help curb inflation, and to provide rich citizens with a vested interest in the federal government's finances to promote commerce?

Alexander Hamilton

At the Constitutional Convention, Connecticut delegate Sherman proposed for Congress to consist of a lower house—the House of Representatives—in which members would be assigned according to each state's population, and an upper house—the Senate—in which each state would have 1 vote and 2 senators, a proposal known as what?

Great Compromise

In 1798, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson helped organize opposition from state governments to the Alien and Sedition Acts, arguing that they violated Americans' constitutional rights to freedom of the press and free speech; therefore, U.S. states could declare federal laws what?

unconstitutional

As a result of Britain's decision in 1807; the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804), a victorious slave revolt against French colonial rule; and the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803, which doubled the size of the nation and forced the U.S. to address the potential expansion of slavery, what was outlawed in 1808?

Atlantic slave trade

The election of what U.S. president, who pledged to follow the will of the political majority while respecting the rights of the Federalist minority, set a historic precedent, with John Adams officially accepting defeat and peacefully leaving the White House?

Thomas Jefferson

What Democratic-Republican candidate from Virginia defeated Federalist John Adams in a caustic presidential election in 1800?

Thomas Jefferson

The Massachusetts Governor ordered thousands of militiamen to reopen the courts and arrest over 1000 protesters during the farmer rebellion of 1786-1787, the state court indicted leaders of the rebellion for what, sentencing several to death?

treason

What is the name of America's treaty with Britain that gave the U.S.—a relatively weak power at the time—the ability to be officially neutral in European wars while simultaneously protecting U.S. trade?

Jay's Treaty

Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison urged fellow Constitutional Convention delegates to ratify the Constitution in what collection of widely read articles and essays, published in New York newspapers in 1787 and 1788?

Federalist Papers

Anti-federalist statesmen, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, called for the separation of church and state, with Jefferson proposing what statute in the Virginia State Assembly in 1779, which failed; however, Madison successfully proposed it again in 1785, making the use of public money to support a particular religion illegal in Virginia?

Statute for Religious Freedom

Hamilton advocated for American engagement in foreign trade, and the pursuit of an amicable relationship with what nation, while President Washington officially declared America's neutrality in 1793?

Great Britain

The Constitutional Convention was held primarily to resolve the federal government's inability to levy what on American citizens, which prevented the U.S. from paying back debts from the Revolutionary War?

taxes

Alexander Hamilton proposed a law passed by Congress in 1791 that levied a federal excise tax on many goods, including whiskey, which financially crushed western farmers; economically, geographically, and culturally divided the nation; and sparked what rebellion in Pennsylvania in 1791, involving the assault and torture of tax collectors and deputy marshals?

Whiskey Rebellion

Constitutional Convention delegates agreed in 1787 that the federal government should not designate an official religion, which was upheld in 1791, when what constitutional amendment, which guaranteed religious liberty, was ratified?

First Amendment

Per the Great Compromise of 1787, "what" counted as three-fifths of a person for representation and tax purposes?

slave

U.S. passage of Jay's Treaty spurred the French Navy to attack U.S. shipping, prompting President John Adams, who was elected U.S. President in 1796, to send diplomats to France in 1797, from whom French diplomats demanded a bribe before negotiating, which angered Americans, resulting in an international incident known as what?

X.Y.Z. Affair